30 Questions
What is the primary way in which Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) curb infestations?
By disrupting the insect's moulting process
How long does it typically take for insects to die after being exposed to Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)?
Within 3 to 10 days
What distinguishes Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) from traditional insecticides in terms of their effect on insects?
IGRs interfere with insect moulting and reproduction
Which of the following best describes the role of Hormonal IGRs in disrupting larval development?
Prematurely moulting young immature stages
What is the primary impact of Hormonal IGRs on eggs?
Causing egg sterility
Why are Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) considered more worker-friendly within closed environments compared to traditional insecticides?
They do not affect an insect's nervous system
What is the mechanism of action of pyrethroids?
Preventing closure of voltage-gated sodium channels
How are pyrethroids broken down in the environment?
By sunlight and atmospheric processes
What effect do pyrethroids have on the sodium channels in axonal membranes?
Prevent repolarization of nerves
How can the efficacy of pyrethroids be increased?
Adding a known inhibitor of key enzymes
Which component is crucial in creating a favorable pathway for sodium ions to pass through the axonal membrane?
Tiny hole in the hydrophilic interior
How do early pyrethroids differ from pyrethrin I and II?
Modification in the alcohol group of the ester
What is the reason for pyrethroids being less toxic in mammals compared to insects and fish?
Mammals have an enzyme that can break down pyrethroids quickly.
Which of the following invertebrates is significantly affected by pyrethroids at extremely small levels?
Mayflies
What is the primary target of bifenthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide?
Red imported fire ant
Which of the following is a group of related synthetic compounds used in insecticides and are synthetic pyrethroids?
Allethrins
What is the primary reason for pyrethroids being found in the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment facilities in California?
They are resistant to secondary treatment systems.
Which of the following household insecticides contains synthetic pyrethroids and has low toxicity for humans and birds?
Allethrins
What is a common property of aliphatic organochlorides?
They are alkylating agents because chlorine is a nucleophilic group.
What is a significant environmental concern related to some organochlorides?
Their production in forest fires and lightning-ignited fires.
How do chlorinated organic compounds impact biomolecules?
They are found in nearly every class of biomolecules.
Why are majority of chloromethane in the environment produced naturally?
Through biological decomposition, forest fires, and volcanoes.
What is the significance of the high atomic weight of chlorine in organochlorides?
It leads to the compounds being denser than water.
What differentiates aliphatic organochlorides from hydrocarbons?
Their higher chemical reactivity due to chlorine substituents.
Which neonicotinoid is mentioned as the most widely used insecticide in the world?
Imidacloprid
What is a common ecological effect attributed to neonicotinoids according to the text?
Honey-bee colony collapse disorder
Which company initiated the development of neonicotinoids in the 1990s?
Bayer
Which of the following substances is structurally similar to neonicotinoids?
Nicotine
Which type of insects are neonicotinoids intended to control according to the text?
Sucking insects
What was the action taken by the European Union and some non-EU countries in 2013 regarding neonicotinoids?
Restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids
Test your knowledge on the physical and chemical properties as well as the applications of organochlorines. Learn about the environmental concerns associated with these compounds and their wide structural variety.
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