Ch. 2 - Open questions

Smooth incremental change, bumpy incremental change, and discontinuous change

Periods of relative calm punctuated by acceleration in the pace of change

Both the environment and internal initiatives, such as periodic restructuring

<p>The means by which organizations achieve their goals, rather than a change in the goals themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid shifts in strategy, structure, or culture, or all three</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response to sudden and unpredictable high levels of environmental turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Known solutions, known timescales, and bounded in the organizational context</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger-scale, interrelated complex of problems, absence of knowledge of factors, and fuzzy timescales</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard problems have agreement on what constitutes the problem, while messes have little agreement on what constitutes the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To locate a change situation on a continuum from hard to soft complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether a change situation is characterized by hard or soft complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messes have serious and worrying implications for all concerned</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bounded</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messes have many people of different persuasions and attitudes involved in the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal interactions with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messes have fuzzy timescales, while hard problems have known timescales</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Logical incrementalism approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complexity theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for more democracy, continuous change, presence of order-generating rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shadow system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greiner's organizational life cycle model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrete steps approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organizational behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shadow system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destabilization of the legitimate system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tipping point is where events culminate in a significant shift or transformational change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tools and techniques include Greiner's organizational life cycle model, stakeholder analysis, SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, and multiple-cause diagrams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakpoints help organizations understand the need to change their strategies in response to competitor behavior. The evolutional cycle of competitive behavior includes two main phases: innovation and convergence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The innovation phase is marked by the discovery of a new business opportunity, introducing a divergent breakpoint with increased variety and value for customers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The convergence phase is characterized by cost-cutting and consolidation, resulting in lower delivered cost and creating a new breakpoint with the cycle starting anew.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formal and informal systems are essential in identifying breakpoints because they help organizations understand the need to change their strategies in response to competitor behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Burke-Litwin model highlights how change in one factor or variable can have a ripple effect throughout the organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indicators of convergence breakpoints include competitors offering increasingly similar products and declining market segmentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indicators of divergence breakpoints include a saturated market, declining growth rates, and restless customers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Hard' problems are more technical in nature, while 'messy' problems are more complicated and dynamic, with fewer clear objectives and more ambiguous solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Hard' problems are more technical in nature, requiring specific technical expertise and solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Messy' problems are more complicated and dynamic, with fewer clear objectives and more ambiguous solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unfreezing, moving, and refreezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incremental or big-bang, and realignment or transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Build-up, breakthrough, continuous and radical, episodic and radical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discourages deviations from current organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connections between different elements in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fine-tuning, incremental adjustments, modular transformation, corporate transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deliberate actions designed to move the organization from one state to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relies on a single view of change and assumes a known environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most strategic decisions are made despite formal planning systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clear view of desired goal with sustained flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Revolutionary change is fast and extensive, affecting the whole organization, while evolutionary change is slow adaptation of existing systems or structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social and technical sub-systems</p> Signup and view all the answers