56 Questions
Which macromolecule is made up of unbranched β glucose molecules and cannot be digested by humans?
Cellulose
What distinguishes RNA from DNA?
DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.
If a cell is exposed to a moderately high temperature, which molecule is likely to stop working first?
Protein
Which molecule determines the structure of proteins?
DNA
In the synthesis of lipids, what are the basic building blocks used?
Glycerol and fatty acids
Which type of isomerism is exhibited by propanal compared to acetone?
Structural isomer
What kind of bond would be present in a completely flat section of a biological molecule?
B or C
Which functional group is most important for DNA molecules?
Phosphate
What can carbon-based molecules do because of the versatile bond structures formed by carbon?
All of the above
What type of chemical bond joins a functional group to the carbon skeleton of a large molecule?
Covalent bond
Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?
Glycogen
Which functional group is present in a carboxyl group?
Hydroxyl group
What type of reaction joins monomers to form polymers?
Dehydration reaction
Which biological molecule category includes sugars and the polymers of sugars?
Carbohydrates
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Which functional group is involved in ATP molecules as part of its structure?
Phosphate group
What are monomers in the context of macromolecules?
Repeating subunits that serve as building blocks
Cis-trans isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.
True
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
False
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula and the same properties.
False
Enantiomers are isomers that are identical mirror images of each other.
False
Nucleic acids play a role in the storage and expression of genetic information.
True
Small changes in the RNA may cause large changes in a protein.
True
The abnormal hemoglobin molecules in sickle-cell disease cause red blood cells to deform into a spherical shape.
False
All carbon-based molecules have mirror-image versions due to versatile bond structures formed by carbon.
False
Polysaccharides can branch out due to the versatile bond structures formed by carbon.
True
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of proteins.
False
Hydroxyl group is the functional group most important for DNA molecules.
False
Proteins help form the cell walls of bacteria.
False
Lipids, such as oils, are primarily used for energy storage in animals.
False
Nucleic acids are responsible for storing structural information within a cell.
False
Carbon atoms can bond with up to five other elements.
False
In molecules with multiple carbons, every carbon bonded to four other atoms has a linear shape.
False
When two carbon atoms are joined by a triple bond, the atoms connected to the carbons lie in the same plane as the carbons.
False
What is the purpose of helicase in DNA replication?
To unwind the double helix
What is the result of the process of semiconservative replication?
Two identical DNA strands are produced
What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
To repair breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone
What is the characteristic of the double helix structure of DNA?
It resembles a twisted ladder
What is the rule of complementary base pairing in DNA?
A is always paired with T, and G is always paired with C
What is the primary function of antibodies in the humoral immune response?
To help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph
What is the term for the process by which the immune system learns to recognize and respond to a particular antigen?
Acquired immunity
Which type of immune response is characterized by the activation of specialized T cells that destroy affected host cells?
Cell-mediated immune response
What is the term for the molecules that can trigger an immune response by binding to receptors on the surface of immune cells?
Antigens
Which type of immune cells mature in the thymus and are responsible for the cell-mediated immune response?
T cells
What is the primary function of the immune system's ability to distinguish between 'self' and 'nonself' molecules?
To prevent autoimmune diseases
What is the main characteristic of active immunity?
Long-lasting and requires the production of memory cells
What is the primary function of antibodies transferred from the mother to the newborn?
To provide temporary protection against infectious diseases until the newborn's immune system matures
What is the result of an immune system that cannot distinguish self from non-self?
An immune response that targets the body's own cells
What is the term for an exaggerated immune response to substances that are normally harmless?
Allergy
What is the purpose of injections of gamma globulins in patients unexpectedly exposed to an infectious disease?
To provide immediate protection against the infectious disease
What is the result of histamine release by mast cells during an inflammatory response?
Increased permeability of capillaries
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Phagocytosis of pathogens and foreign substances
What is the key characteristic of Natural Killer cells in the immune response?
Recognition of 'non-self' cells without previous contact
What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity?
Involves specific recognition of pathogens by receptors
What is the result of adaptive immunity in terms of immunity?
Lasting immunity to specific pathogens
What is the key difference between Natural Killer cells and T-cells?
NK cells recognize 'non-self' cells, while T-cells recognize specific antigens
Test your knowledge on organic molecules, carbon skeleton variation, and key functional groups in biological molecules. Explore the reactivity of organic compounds and the significance of different carbon chains.
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