Functional Groups 4

<p>Aldehyde (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can form hydrogen bonds with water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes can be oxidized while ketones cannot. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A carbon-oxygen bond with a hydroxyl group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketones do not have a hydrogen atom directly bonded to the C=O carbon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes the carbonyl more reactive towards nucleophiles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohols (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleophilic addition by an amine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They participate in enzyme reactions and drug interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance their water solubility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amides have higher boiling points due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased molecular weight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleophilic substitution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are resistant to oxidation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amides are classified as 1º, 2º, or 3º based on nitrogen substitution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases their solubility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a key reaction mechanism for nucleophilic substitution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general formula for alcohols is R-OH, which allows them to form hydrogen bonds, resulting in low molar mass alcohols being liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As the R group increases in length, alcohols become less soluble in water due to the hydrophobic nature of the longer carbon chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary alcohol oxidizes to an aldehyde, which can further oxidize to a carboxylic acid, while a secondary alcohol oxidizes to a ketone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation because they lack a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group, preventing oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohols possess a hydroxyl group (-OH) that can act as both a weak acid and a weak base, contributing to their unique acid-base properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amides are neutral because their unbonded electron pair on the nitrogen atom is delocalized and cannot be donated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic amides are called lactams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The base strength trend is secondary &gt; tertiary &gt; primary due to the electron donating effects of alkyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low molecular mass amines can form hydrogen bonds with water, making them soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis reactions can occur if amides are not stored in a dry place, leading to the degradation of amides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low molecular mass amines are gases at room temperature due to weak intermolecular attractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general structural formula of a primary amine is R-NH2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amides are resistant to oxidation because of the stability of their structure and lack of easily oxidizable functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ester is formed when an alcohol reacts with an acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low molecular mass ethers can form hydrogen bonds with water, making them soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general formula for ethers is R-O-R.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxide formation in air is a significant concern when storing diethyl ether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes and ketones contain a polar carbonyl (C=O) bond, unlike the non-polar bonds in alkenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethers form van der Waals bonds with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The polar carbonyl group leads to intermolecular attractions, making most aldehydes and ketones liquids at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate esters are biologically important due to their role in energy transfer and metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary advantage is increased water solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are less soluble due to their more 'alkane-like' properties and reduced capacity for hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes can be oxidized because they have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon, whereas ketones do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids mainly undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esters have lower boiling points than amides due to the inability of esters to form hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleophile usually attacks the δ+ carbon atom of the carbonyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in the formation of a C=N bond, usually through the elimination of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amides react much more slowly than esters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main product is an ester.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can form hydrogen bonds with water, allowing for their solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reduction products of aldehydes are primarily primary alcohols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis involves water acting as a nucleophile, breaking down esters and amides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids are less susceptible to oxidation than aldehydes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protonation increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon, making it more reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing carbon chain length decreases their solubility in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sugars can react with their own carbonyl group, forming a hemiacetal through nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metal hydrides selectively reduce C=O groups due to the strong nucleophilicity of hydride ions, which preferentially attacks the δ+ carbon atom of carbonyl compounds without affecting alkenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acyl group, represented as R-C=O, is a defining part of carboxylic acids and is significant because it influences the acid's reactivity and properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low molecular mass carboxylic acids are highly soluble in water due to their ability to form extensive hydrogen bonds with water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An electron withdrawing group increases the strength of carboxylic acids by stabilizing the carboxylate ion formed upon proton donation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron donating groups decrease the acidity of carboxylic acids because they destabilize the carboxylate ion, making proton donation less favorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes are unstable and oxidize in air to form carboxylic acids, while ketones generally do not oxidize under normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutralizing a carboxylic acid with a base, such as NaOH, involves the reaction between the acid and the base to form a salt and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical properties of carboxylic acids, including their state at room temperature, depend on their relative molecular mass (RMM); acids with up to 9 carbon atoms are often liquids, while those with 10 or more tend to be solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding with water.

Aldehydes and ketones react with nucleophiles through nucleophilic addition reactions. The C=O bond is the reactive site.

A reaction where a nucleophile gives an electron pair to the positive carbon of the carbonyl which leads to the formation of a new single bond.

Aldehydes, with a hydrogen atom on their carbonyl carbon, can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.

Ketones, lacking a hydrogen atom on the carbonyl carbon, do not undergo oxidation to carboxylic acids easily.

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols by adding hydrogen gas.

The reaction of an alcohol nucleophile with a carbonyl group in the same molecule can form a cyclic sugar.

Reactions involving carbonyl groups are essential for drug-receptor interactions and enzyme function.

R-OH

Alcohols form hydrogen bonds, making them liquid and soluble in water, especially lower molar mass alcohols.

Produces aldehyde, which can further oxidise to carboxylic acid.

Forms a ketone.

Resistant to oxidation under normal conditions.

Carboxylic acids can react with bases like NaOH to form salts. This process increases their water solubility, making them suitable for pharmaceutical formulations.

Acyl groups, including carboxylic acids, undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group.

When the nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction of an acyl group is an alcohol, an ester is formed.

Carboxylic acids are resistant to oxidation under normal conditions. They are more stable than aldehydes.

Amides are categorized based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom: 1º for -NH2, 2º for -NHR, and 3º for -NR2.

Amides have higher boiling points than esters due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with each other.

Lower molecular weight esters and amides are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Esters and amides undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions, but amides react much slower than esters. The general reaction type is nucleophile attacking the carbonyl carbon.

Amides, unlike amines, are neutral due to the delocalization of the nitrogen's unbonded electrons. This prevents them from donating electrons and acting as bases.

Lactams are cyclic amides, similar to how lactones are cyclic esters.

Amines are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Low molecular weight amines are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding, but solubility decreases with increasing chain length.

Amines are basic due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, which can accept a proton (H+).

The basicity of amines follows a peculiar order: 2º > 3º > 1º. This is due to the electron-donating effect of alkyl groups.

Tertiary (3º) amines have a hindered structure with less room to bond the proton (H+). This contributes to their lower basicity compared to secondary (2º) amines.

Both amides and esters are resistant to oxidation under normal conditions.

Lower molecular weight alcohols are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. As the alkyl group (R) gets larger, solubility decreases.

Low molecular weight aldehydes are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This is because of the polar C=O group.

Similar to aldehydes, low molecular weight ketones are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding with water molecules. This is also due to the polar C=O group.

Aldehydes and ketones react with nucleophiles through a nucleophilic addition reaction. The nucleophile donates its electron pair to the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group.

Reactions involving amines are essential for drug-receptor interactions and enzymatic functions.

Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids. This occurs because of the hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols by adding hydrogen gas (H2) or using a metal hydride reducing agent.

Important in biological systems, phosphate esters are formed when a phosphate group replaces a hydrogen atom on an alcohol. They can exist as mono-, di-, or tri-phosphates.

Ethers have the general formula R-O-R, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group. This indicates that an oxygen atom connects two carbon chains.

Lower molecular weight ethers are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. However, solubility decreases with increasing chain length.

Ethers are relatively unreactive and commonly used as solvents, particularly diethyl ether. However, they can form explosive peroxides in air upon prolonged storage.

Both aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group (C=O), a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Aldehydes have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon, whereas ketones have two alkyl or aryl groups.

Due to the polar C=O bond, aldehydes and ketones exhibit intermolecular attractions but lack the ability to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. Most are liquids at room temperature.

Ethers, especially diethyl ether, are susceptible to peroxide formation when exposed to air. This can be dangerous, so proper storage is essential.

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is a powerful reducing agent commonly used in organic chemistry to reduce carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) to alcohols.

In a reduction reaction using LiAlH4, the hydride ion (H-) acts as a nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbon atom of the carbonyl group (C=O).

Metal hydrides like LiAlH4 are selective reducing agents, meaning they only reduce carbonyl groups (C=O) and do not affect alkene double bonds (C=C).

The general formula for a carboxylic acid is R-C(=O)OH, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group.

The R-C=O portion of a carboxylic acid molecule is referred to as the acyl group. It is present in various acid derivatives, such as esters and amides.

Carboxylic acids are acidic due to the ability of the carboxyl group (COOH) to donate a proton (H+) to a base.

Carboxylic acids are more stable than aldehydes and are resistant to oxidation under normal conditions.

The presence of electron-withdrawing groups (like halogens) attached to the R-group of a carboxylic acid increases its acidity by stabilizing the negatively charged carboxylate anion.

Acyl groups, including carboxylic acids, undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions. A nucleophile replaces a leaving group.

Carboxylic acids react with bases (like NaOH) to form salts. This reaction neutralizes the acid and increases its water solubility.

Esters are formed when the nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction of an acyl group is an alcohol.

Amides have higher boiling points than esters because they can form hydrogen bonds with each other.

Amides are classified based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom: 1º for -NH2, 2º for -NHR, and 3º for -NR2.

Amides react slower than esters in nucleophilic substitution reactions because the nitrogen atom's lone pair is delocalized.

Hydrolysis is a crucial reaction where water acts as a nucleophile, breaking down esters or amides.