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Questions and Answers
What is the main challenge a drug faces after oral administration?
What is the main challenge a drug faces after oral administration?
Which factor does not affect the ability of a drug to dissolve after oral administration?
Which factor does not affect the ability of a drug to dissolve after oral administration?
What determines if a drug will dissolve quickly or slowly after oral administration?
What determines if a drug will dissolve quickly or slowly after oral administration?
What must a drug do to reach its desired target?
What must a drug do to reach its desired target?
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Where is the site of action for a drug usually located?
Where is the site of action for a drug usually located?
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What happens to drugs that do not dissolve well after oral administration?
What happens to drugs that do not dissolve well after oral administration?
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What impact can gastrointestinal enzymes have on a drug molecule?
What impact can gastrointestinal enzymes have on a drug molecule?
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Why might a new drug be considered for an alternate route of administration?
Why might a new drug be considered for an alternate route of administration?
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Which drug is mentioned as a treatment for ulcerative colitis in the text?
Which drug is mentioned as a treatment for ulcerative colitis in the text?
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Why is mesalamine ineffective when taken orally?
Why is mesalamine ineffective when taken orally?
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In what form is chloramphenicol mentioned to be water soluble enough to interact with taste receptors?
In what form is chloramphenicol mentioned to be water soluble enough to interact with taste receptors?
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What alternative route of drug administration is NOT mentioned in the text?
What alternative route of drug administration is NOT mentioned in the text?
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What are the main barriers involved in the distribution or partitioning of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract?
What are the main barriers involved in the distribution or partitioning of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Why would parenteral administration be preferred in some cases?
Why would parenteral administration be preferred in some cases?
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What is a disadvantage of intravenous administration of drugs?
What is a disadvantage of intravenous administration of drugs?
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Why might some drugs be unsuitable for oral administration?
Why might some drugs be unsuitable for oral administration?
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What can be a consequence of subcutaneous and intramuscular injections?
What can be a consequence of subcutaneous and intramuscular injections?
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Where does intravenous administration place the drug within the body?
Where does intravenous administration place the drug within the body?
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Why does protein binding limit the amount of drug available for interaction with specific receptor sites?
Why does protein binding limit the amount of drug available for interaction with specific receptor sites?
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What effect can the protein-bound form of a drug, like suramin, have on the duration of action in the body?
What effect can the protein-bound form of a drug, like suramin, have on the duration of action in the body?
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How can drug-protein binding lead to clinically significant drug interactions?
How can drug-protein binding lead to clinically significant drug interactions?
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What impact can displacing warfarin from its albumin-binding sites have on prothrombin time?
What impact can displacing warfarin from its albumin-binding sites have on prothrombin time?
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What is the role of tissue depots in drug distribution?
What is the role of tissue depots in drug distribution?
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How does the lipophilicity of a drug relate to its concentration in tissue depots?
How does the lipophilicity of a drug relate to its concentration in tissue depots?
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Why does the concentration of thiopental rapidly decrease below its effective concentration after administration?
Why does the concentration of thiopental rapidly decrease below its effective concentration after administration?
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How does structural changes in the barbiturate series affect duration of action and CNS depression?
How does structural changes in the barbiturate series affect duration of action and CNS depression?
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What happens to the remaining thiopental that diffuses out of tissue depots into systemic circulation?
What happens to the remaining thiopental that diffuses out of tissue depots into systemic circulation?
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Which type of barbiturates have the slowest onset of action and longest duration of action?
Which type of barbiturates have the slowest onset of action and longest duration of action?
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What effect do structural changes favoring partitioning into lipid tissue stores have?
What effect do structural changes favoring partitioning into lipid tissue stores have?
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Why do barbiturates with more polar side chains enter and leave the CNS more slowly?
Why do barbiturates with more polar side chains enter and leave the CNS more slowly?
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What factors contribute to a drug's ability to dissolve after oral administration?
What factors contribute to a drug's ability to dissolve after oral administration?
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Why is it important for a drug to dissolve quickly after oral administration?
Why is it important for a drug to dissolve quickly after oral administration?
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What can chemical modification of a drug help achieve?
What can chemical modification of a drug help achieve?
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How do varying the physical characteristics of a drug affect its dissolution after oral administration?
How do varying the physical characteristics of a drug affect its dissolution after oral administration?
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Why must a drug avoid significant metabolic destruction before reaching the site of action?
Why must a drug avoid significant metabolic destruction before reaching the site of action?
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What role do tissue depots play in a drug's distribution within the body?
What role do tissue depots play in a drug's distribution within the body?
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What obstacle is common to both intravenous administration and subcutaneous/intramuscular injections according to the text?
What obstacle is common to both intravenous administration and subcutaneous/intramuscular injections according to the text?
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Which type of drug administration may be preferable for patients who are unable to accept drugs orally due to illness?
Which type of drug administration may be preferable for patients who are unable to accept drugs orally due to illness?
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What makes oral administration of some drugs not possible due to rapid and complete metabolism in the liver?
What makes oral administration of some drugs not possible due to rapid and complete metabolism in the liver?
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Which factor contributes to the rapid distribution of drugs throughout the body in intravenous administration?
Which factor contributes to the rapid distribution of drugs throughout the body in intravenous administration?
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Why is it mentioned that intramuscular injections show slow distribution of drugs into systemic circulation?
Why is it mentioned that intramuscular injections show slow distribution of drugs into systemic circulation?
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What is a possible therapeutic advantage of bypassing the intestinal barrier using parenteral dosage forms?
What is a possible therapeutic advantage of bypassing the intestinal barrier using parenteral dosage forms?
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Why is acitretin recommended for a woman who wants to become pregnant?
Why is acitretin recommended for a woman who wants to become pregnant?
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What is the role of esterases in the activation of succinate esters to methylprednisolone?
What is the role of esterases in the activation of succinate esters to methylprednisolone?
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What can be inferred about the biodistribution of etretinate and acitretin based on their respective terminal half-lives?
What can be inferred about the biodistribution of etretinate and acitretin based on their respective terminal half-lives?
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How does protein binding affect the availability of drugs in the systemic circulation?
How does protein binding affect the availability of drugs in the systemic circulation?
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Why might prodrugs like methylprednisolone sodium succinate be preferred in drug design?
Why might prodrugs like methylprednisolone sodium succinate be preferred in drug design?
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What distinguishes the terminal half-lives of etretinate and acitretin?
What distinguishes the terminal half-lives of etretinate and acitretin?
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What is the purpose of adding the palmitic acid moiety to chloramphenicol?
What is the purpose of adding the palmitic acid moiety to chloramphenicol?
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What is a characteristic of most prodrugs mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic of most prodrugs mentioned in the text?
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Why is enalapril mentioned as an example of a prodrug in the text?
Why is enalapril mentioned as an example of a prodrug in the text?
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What happens to prodrugs like Olsalazine and chloramphenicol palmitate once they are inside the body?
What happens to prodrugs like Olsalazine and chloramphenicol palmitate once they are inside the body?
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Why does a drug, unless intended for local action, need to pass through the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier?
Why does a drug, unless intended for local action, need to pass through the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier?
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How does the initial ester linkage of chloramphenicol palmitate affect drug solubility?
How does the initial ester linkage of chloramphenicol palmitate affect drug solubility?
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How does protein binding affect the amount of drug available for interaction with specific receptor sites?
How does protein binding affect the amount of drug available for interaction with specific receptor sites?
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What is the significance of a drug remaining in the body in protein-bound form for an extended period?
What is the significance of a drug remaining in the body in protein-bound form for an extended period?
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How can drug-protein binding lead to clinically significant drug interactions?
How can drug-protein binding lead to clinically significant drug interactions?
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Why may a patient require a significant time for a drug's concentration to fall below toxic levels after experiencing serious adverse reactions?
Why may a patient require a significant time for a drug's concentration to fall below toxic levels after experiencing serious adverse reactions?
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Which factor can lead to an increased prothrombin time and potential hemorrhage due to drug interactions?
Which factor can lead to an increased prothrombin time and potential hemorrhage due to drug interactions?
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In which type of tissue depots are lipophilic drugs more likely to concentrate?
In which type of tissue depots are lipophilic drugs more likely to concentrate?
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Why is acitretin recommended for a woman who would like to become pregnant?
Why is acitretin recommended for a woman who would like to become pregnant?
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What is the purpose of using prodrug design?
What is the purpose of using prodrug design?
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What effect does protein binding have on drugs once they enter the systemic circulation?
What effect does protein binding have on drugs once they enter the systemic circulation?
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How does the terminal half-life of etretinate compare to that of acitretin?
How does the terminal half-life of etretinate compare to that of acitretin?
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What is significant about the biodistribution of prodrugs like methylprednisolone sodium succinate?
What is significant about the biodistribution of prodrugs like methylprednisolone sodium succinate?
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Why are succinate esters used in drug design, specifically for methylprednisolone sodium succinate?
Why are succinate esters used in drug design, specifically for methylprednisolone sodium succinate?
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How does protein binding affect a drug’s biodistribution according to the text?
How does protein binding affect a drug’s biodistribution according to the text?
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What is the role of the albumin–drug complex in drug distribution as mentioned in the text?
What is the role of the albumin–drug complex in drug distribution as mentioned in the text?
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How does protein binding impact a drug’s duration of action in the body?
How does protein binding impact a drug’s duration of action in the body?
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Why might drugs bound to proteins like albumin be retained in maternal circulation and not cross the placental barrier?
Why might drugs bound to proteins like albumin be retained in maternal circulation and not cross the placental barrier?
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How does protein binding impact a drug’s effective solubility?
How does protein binding impact a drug’s effective solubility?
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What effect does the large size of the drug–protein complex have on renal excretion of the drug?
What effect does the large size of the drug–protein complex have on renal excretion of the drug?
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Why is palmitic acid moiety added as an ester to chloramphenicol?
Why is palmitic acid moiety added as an ester to chloramphenicol?
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What is a common feature of most prodrugs mentioned in the text?
What is a common feature of most prodrugs mentioned in the text?
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Why is enalapril mentioned as an example of a prodrug?
Why is enalapril mentioned as an example of a prodrug?
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What is the main purpose of converting chloramphenicol into chloramphenicol palmitate?
What is the main purpose of converting chloramphenicol into chloramphenicol palmitate?
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How do prodrugs like olsalazine and chloramphenicol palmitate become active drugs?
How do prodrugs like olsalazine and chloramphenicol palmitate become active drugs?
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Why do most prodrugs need to be metabolized to their active agents?
Why do most prodrugs need to be metabolized to their active agents?
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How does the presence of protein-bound drug in the body for an extended period affect the occurrence of serious adverse reactions?
How does the presence of protein-bound drug in the body for an extended period affect the occurrence of serious adverse reactions?
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What can result from one drug displacing another from the binding site on albumin due to drug-protein binding phenomenon?
What can result from one drug displacing another from the binding site on albumin due to drug-protein binding phenomenon?
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How does the lipophilicity of a drug relate to its concentration in tissue depots according to the text?
How does the lipophilicity of a drug relate to its concentration in tissue depots according to the text?
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What role do tissue depots play in drug distribution within the body?
What role do tissue depots play in drug distribution within the body?
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How can displaced warfarin from its albumin-binding sites affect prothrombin time?
How can displaced warfarin from its albumin-binding sites affect prothrombin time?
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Why do structural changes in the barbiturate series favoring partitioning into lipid tissue stores decrease duration of action?
Why do structural changes in the barbiturate series favoring partitioning into lipid tissue stores decrease duration of action?
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Why are barbiturates with slow onset of action and long duration of action said to contain more polar side chains?
Why are barbiturates with slow onset of action and long duration of action said to contain more polar side chains?
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What happens to the remaining thiopental that diffuses out of tissue depots into systemic circulation?
What happens to the remaining thiopental that diffuses out of tissue depots into systemic circulation?
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Why do barbiturates with more polar side chains enter and leave the central nervous system (CNS) more slowly?
Why do barbiturates with more polar side chains enter and leave the central nervous system (CNS) more slowly?
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How does protein binding affect drug availability for interaction with receptors?
How does protein binding affect drug availability for interaction with receptors?
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What role do structural changes in barbiturate series that favor partitioning into lipid tissue stores play in CNS depression?
What role do structural changes in barbiturate series that favor partitioning into lipid tissue stores play in CNS depression?
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Chemical modification is not used to facilitate a drug reaching its desired target.
Chemical modification is not used to facilitate a drug reaching its desired target.
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Drugs administered orally always remain in solution as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract.
Drugs administered orally always remain in solution as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract.
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Protein binding does not affect the distribution of drugs in the body.
Protein binding does not affect the distribution of drugs in the body.
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Dosage form and physical characteristics of a drug do not impact its dissolution rate after oral administration.
Dosage form and physical characteristics of a drug do not impact its dissolution rate after oral administration.
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A drug can easily reach its desired target without passing through various barriers in the body.
A drug can easily reach its desired target without passing through various barriers in the body.
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The ability of a drug to dissolve after oral administration is solely determined by its chemical structure.
The ability of a drug to dissolve after oral administration is solely determined by its chemical structure.
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Olsalazine is a monomer of the pharmacologically active mesalamine.
Olsalazine is a monomer of the pharmacologically active mesalamine.
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Chloramphenicol is water insoluble enough to produce a pleasant taste when in contact with taste receptors on the tongue.
Chloramphenicol is water insoluble enough to produce a pleasant taste when in contact with taste receptors on the tongue.
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Drugs that survive in the intestinal tract are more likely to be considered for oral administration than alternative routes.
Drugs that survive in the intestinal tract are more likely to be considered for oral administration than alternative routes.
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Metabolic degradation of drugs by intestinal bacteria can sometimes be advantageous.
Metabolic degradation of drugs by intestinal bacteria can sometimes be advantageous.
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Parenteral administration is always preferred over oral administration for new drugs.
Parenteral administration is always preferred over oral administration for new drugs.
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Chloramphenicol palmitate is less water soluble than chloramphenicol.
Chloramphenicol palmitate is less water soluble than chloramphenicol.
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Parenterally administered drugs can easily cross the blood-brain barrier.
Parenterally administered drugs can easily cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Intraspinal routes deliver drugs directly into the brain.
Intraspinal routes deliver drugs directly into the brain.
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Methylprednisolone acetate is more water-soluble than methylprednisolone.
Methylprednisolone acetate is more water-soluble than methylprednisolone.
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The prodrug approach does not affect the solubility characteristics of a drug.
The prodrug approach does not affect the solubility characteristics of a drug.
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The blood-brain barrier is composed of loosely joined epithelial cells.
The blood-brain barrier is composed of loosely joined epithelial cells.
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Injecting a drug directly into specific organs or areas of the body cannot bypass the BBB.
Injecting a drug directly into specific organs or areas of the body cannot bypass the BBB.
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Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections result in rapid distribution of the drug throughout the body.
Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections result in rapid distribution of the drug throughout the body.
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Intravenous administration causes the drug to be rapidly distributed throughout the body.
Intravenous administration causes the drug to be rapidly distributed throughout the body.
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The first-pass effect refers to drugs being metabolized in tissues other than the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
The first-pass effect refers to drugs being metabolized in tissues other than the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
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Parenteral dosage forms are only used for patients who cannot tolerate oral drug administration.
Parenteral dosage forms are only used for patients who cannot tolerate oral drug administration.
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Drugs distributed via intravenous administration may end up in tissue depots and the liver.
Drugs distributed via intravenous administration may end up in tissue depots and the liver.
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Protein binding can lead to clinically significant drug-drug interactions when one drug displaces another from the binding site on hemoglobin.
Protein binding can lead to clinically significant drug-drug interactions when one drug displaces another from the binding site on hemoglobin.
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The lipophilicity of a drug does not affect its concentration in tissue depots.
The lipophilicity of a drug does not affect its concentration in tissue depots.
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The more lipophilic a drug is, the less likely it will concentrate in tissue depots.
The more lipophilic a drug is, the less likely it will concentrate in tissue depots.
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Suramin, a trypanocide drug, remains in the body in the protein-bound form for up to 3 months with a half-life of 50 days.
Suramin, a trypanocide drug, remains in the body in the protein-bound form for up to 3 months with a half-life of 50 days.
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Drugs bound to proteins like albumin are easily transported across the placental barrier.
Drugs bound to proteins like albumin are easily transported across the placental barrier.
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Neutral fat accounts for a small percentage of body weight and has minimal importance as a tissue depot for drugs.
Neutral fat accounts for a small percentage of body weight and has minimal importance as a tissue depot for drugs.
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The lipophilicity of a drug does not impact its concentration in tissue depots.
The lipophilicity of a drug does not impact its concentration in tissue depots.
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