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Questions and Answers
What is the common characteristic of all nitro compounds?
Which of the following is an example of an acid halide?
What is the common characteristic of all amides?
Which of the following is an example of a halogen-containing functional group?
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What is the common characteristic of all amines?
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Which of the following is an example of a nitro compound?
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What is a common characteristic of hydrocarbons?
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What is the functional group that replaces hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons to form carboxylic acids?
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Which of the following is an example of an ester?
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What is the type of compound that includes aldehydes and ketones?
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What is the functional group that replaces hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons to form aldehydes?
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What is the type of compound that includes formic acid and citric acid?
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What is the functional group that replaces hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons to form ethers?
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What is the type of compound that includes methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol?
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Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Materials that add comfort, health, or convenience to human life are composed of organic compounds.
- Everyday chores involve organic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons are composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
- Examples of hydrocarbons include petroleum products.
- Hydrocarbons have derivatives or families, formed by replacing hydrogen atoms with atoms or groups of atoms.
Functional Groups
- Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that replace hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons to form derivatives.
- Examples of functional groups include carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters, ethers, carbonyl compounds, amines, amides, nitro compounds, and halogen groups.
Carboxylic Acids
- The carboxylic group contains a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and singlely bonded to an OH group.
- Carboxylic acids are formed when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a carboxylic group.
- Examples of carboxylic acids include formic acid, found in ant bites and stinging nettles, and citric acid, found in lemons and oranges.
Alcohols
- Alcohols are formed when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxyl group.
- Examples of alcohols include methyl alcohol (methanol) and ethyl alcohol (ethanol), found in beer and wine.
Esters
- Esters are formed when the hydroxyl group in a carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkoxy group.
- Examples of esters include ethyl acetate, which gives the aroma of many fruits such as bananas and pineapples.
Ethers
- Ethers are formed when two alkyl groups are connected to an oxygen atom.
- Examples of ethers include diethyl ether.
Carbonyl Compounds
- Carbonyl compounds are formed when a carbon atom is bonded to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
- Carbonyl compounds include aldehydes and ketones.
- Examples of aldehydes include the flavor of vanilla beans and almonds, and examples of ketones include the flavor of berries and mushrooms.
Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups
- Amines are formed when a hydrogen atom is replaced by an amino group.
- Examples of amines include nicotine and caffeine.
- Amines are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary, depending on the carbon groups connected to the nitrogen atom.
Amides
- Amides are formed when a carbonyl group is linked to an amino group.
- Examples of amides include acetamide and benzamide, found in DNA and proteins.
Nitro Compounds
- Nitro compounds are formed when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a nitro group.
- Examples of nitro compounds include TNT, nitro methane, and nitrobenzene.
Halogen-Containing Functional Groups
- Halogen groups are formed when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
- Examples of halogen groups include alkyl halides or haloalkanes such as chloroform, chloroflurocarbons, and DDT.
Acid Halides
- Acid halides are formed when a hydroxyl group is replaced by a halogen atom.
- Examples of acid halides include acetyl chloride.
Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds are responsible for adding comfort, health, or convenience to human life.
- Everyday activities involve organic compounds like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
- Examples of hydrocarbons include petroleum products.
- Hydrocarbons have derivatives or families formed by replacing hydrogen atoms with other atoms or groups of atoms.
Functional Groups
- Functional groups replace hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons to form derivatives.
- Examples of functional groups include carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters, ethers, carbonyl compounds, amines, amides, nitro compounds, and halogen groups.
Carboxylic Acids
- The carboxylic group consists of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and singlely bonded to an OH group.
- Carboxylic acids form when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a carboxylic group.
- Examples include formic acid (found in ant bites and stinging nettles) and citric acid (found in lemons and oranges).
Alcohols
- Alcohols form when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxyl group.
- Examples include methyl alcohol (methanol) and ethyl alcohol (ethanol), found in beer and wine.
Esters
- Esters form when the hydroxyl group in a carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkoxy group.
- Examples include ethyl acetate, which gives the aroma of many fruits like bananas and pineapples.
Ethers
- Ethers form when two alkyl groups are connected to an oxygen atom.
- Examples include diethyl ether.
Carbonyl Compounds
- Carbonyl compounds form when a carbon atom is bonded to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
- Carbonyl compounds include aldehydes and ketones.
- Examples of aldehydes include the flavor of vanilla beans and almonds.
- Examples of ketones include the flavor of berries and mushrooms.
Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups
- Amines form when a hydrogen atom is replaced by an amino group.
- Examples include nicotine and caffeine.
- Amines are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the carbon groups connected to the nitrogen atom.
Amides
- Amides form when a carbonyl group is linked to an amino group.
- Examples include acetamide and benzamide, found in DNA and proteins.
Nitro Compounds
- Nitro compounds form when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a nitro group.
- Examples include TNT, nitro methane, and nitrobenzene.
Halogen-Containing Functional Groups
- Halogen groups form when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom like fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
- Examples include alkyl halides or haloalkanes like chloroform, chloroflurocarbons, and DDT.
Acid Halides
- Acid halides form when a hydroxyl group is replaced by a halogen atom.
- Examples include acetyl chloride.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of organic compounds, hydrocarbons, and functional groups, including their composition, examples, and derivatives.
