Organic Chemistry Syllabus Overview
111 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentrations in an SN2 reaction?

  • Rate depends only on the concentration of nucleophile.
  • Rate is dependent on the concentration of nucleophile and alkyl halide. (correct)
  • Rate is independent of the concentration of reactants.
  • Rate is influenced by temperature but not concentration.

Which of the following correctly describes a good leaving group in nucleophilic substitution reactions?

  • F-
  • TosO- (correct)
  • H2N-
  • HO-

Which factor contributes to the decreased reactivity of bulky alkyl halides?

  • Shielding of nucleophile.
  • Steric hindrance during the reaction. (correct)
  • Weak electronegativity of halogens.
  • Stability of bond angles.

In an alkene reaction, what happens during the addition process?

<p>The p bond breaks and an atom adds to each carbon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reagent is required for the addition of hydrogen to an alkene?

<p>H2 and a metal catalyst. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What denotes a characteristic of nucleophiles in organic chemistry?

<p>Good nucleophilicity generally parallels basicity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of kinetics is exhibited by E2 elimination reactions?

<p>Second order kinetics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the geometry of alkanes?

<p>They exhibit a tetrahedral geometry with 109.5° bond angles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of reactivity for HX additions to alkenes?

<p>HI &gt; HBr &gt; HCl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stereochemical product is predominantly formed during the addition of halogens to alkenes?

<p>Anti-trans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleophile in the addition of HX to alkenes?

<p>It attacks the electrophile to form a carbocation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the stability of carbocations?

<p>Tertiary carbocations are the most stable due to inductive effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When adding HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, which carbon is most likely to bond with the hydrogen atom?

<p>The least substituted carbon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bromonium ion is an intermediate in the addition of which type of reactants?

<p>Halogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs during the addition of Cl2 or Br2 to an alkene?

<p>Addition reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the stereochemistry during the addition of HX to an alkene?

<p>Can produce a new chiral center from a prochiral alkene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, the role of the leaving group is to:

<p>Facilitate the reaction by departing, allowing nucleophilic attack. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carboxylic acid derivative has the highest reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution?

<p>Acid chloride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during halohydrin formation when an alkene reacts with HOBr?

<p>One carbon gets a halogen and another gets a hydroxyl group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives the most?

<p>Electronic nature of the substituent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the E2 elimination mechanism, which is essential for the reaction to occur?

<p>A good leaving group must be present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about alkene reactions is true regarding stereochemistry?

<p>Both faces of the alkene are attacked with different probabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the epoxidation of olefins, which enzyme is primarily involved?

<p>Cytochrome P450 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the noble gas configuration rule primarily describe?

<p>The number of bonds an atom is likely to make (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element must form three bonds to satisfy the octet rule?

<p>Nitrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is usually required for an atom to form a new bond according to the octet rule?

<p>Breaking an existing bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lone pairs of electrons in atoms typically represent?

<p>Excess electrons that are not involved in bonding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is charge conservation described in the context of electron flow during bonding?

<p>Charge is conserved, electrons flow from negative to positive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is present in a carbon-carbon double bond?

<p>Pi bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aliphatic hydrocarbon has the molecular formula C7H16?

<p>Heptane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula for the smallest alkene?

<p>C2H4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hybridization do the carbon atoms in ethene undergo?

<p>sp2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle in a planar sp2 hybridized carbon structure?

<p>120 degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

<p>CnH2n (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compound is benzene classified as?

<p>Aromatic compound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the C=C bond length compared to the C-C bond length?

<p>C=C bond is shorter than C-C bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of functional groups in chemistry?

<p>They are part of larger molecules and define their reactivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is associated with alcohols?

<p>R—OH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of a chemical name identifies the main carbon structure?

<p>Parent name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a ketone functional group?

<p>R—C=O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suffix used for naming alkanes?

<p>ane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hydrocarbon derivative?

<p>R—OH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'locant' refer to in chemical nomenclature?

<p>The position of substituents on the main chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is a characteristic of amino acids?

<p>Amino (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle and hybridization of alkanes?

<p>109.5 degrees, sp3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding nucleophilicity and basicity?

<p>All Lewis bases are nucleophiles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a significant determinant of a leaving group’s effectiveness?

<p>Stability of the leaving group after departure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the SN2 reaction kinetics?

<p>The reaction rate increases with the decrease in steric hindrance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor lowers the reactivity of bulky alkyl halides?

<p>Steric hindrance around the electrophilic carbon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the π bond in alkene reactions during the addition process?

<p>The π bond forms a sigma bond with both incoming atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of alkyl halides in nucleophilic substitution reactions?

<p>Nucleophiles attack the carbon atom bonded to the leaving group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organic reaction involves the addition of hydrogen to alkenes?

<p>Hydrogenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of reactivity for adding HX to alkenes?

<p>HI &gt; HBr &gt; HCl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion is formed as an intermediate in the addition of bromine to alkenes?

<p>Bromonium ion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant stereochemical product formed during the addition of halogens to alkenes?

<p>Trans-isomers exclusively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Markovnikov’s Rule states that during the addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, which atom is more likely to bond with the most substituted carbon?

<p>The halogen atom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbocation is the most stable?

<p>Tertiary carbocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism step involves the nucleophile attacking the electrophile to form an alkyl halide?

<p>Nucleophilic attack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the stereochemistry during the addition of HX to an alkene that may produce a new chiral center?

<p>It results in racemic mixtures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the addition of halogens to alkenes expected to produce a syn (cis) - anti (trans) mixture?

<p>The intermediate forms a bromonium ion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature that distinguishes E2 reactions from E1 reactions?

<p>E2 reactions require an anti-periplanar conformation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly explains Zaitsev's Rule in elimination reactions?

<p>The most substituted alkene will dominate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is SN2 favored over E2?

<p>Low temperature and primary substrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the rate of an E1 reaction?

<p>The concentration of the starting alkyl halide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature influence the mechanisms of SN1 and E1 reactions?

<p>Increased temperature favors elimination over substitution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference in stereochemical outcomes between SN1 and SN2 reactions?

<p>SN2 produces inversion of configuration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to a bulky base favoring an E2 reaction?

<p>Reduced ability to form stable carbocations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactant typically leads to a poor nucleophile condition in an SN1 reaction?

<p>A tertiary substrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the octet rule determine about the bonding of atoms?

<p>Atoms tend to break existing bonds to form new ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element must form four bonds to satisfy the noble gas configuration rule?

<p>Carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bonding, what is typically true about the flow of electrons?

<p>Charge is conserved during the flow of electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bonds does nitrogen typically form to achieve a stable octet?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lone pairs of electrons in atoms according to the content provided?

<p>They represent additional valence electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula for butane?

<p>C4H10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hybridization do the carbon atoms in a C=C bond undergo?

<p>sp2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the carbon-carbon double bond length?

<p>The C=C bond is shorter than the C-C bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound is formed by the general formula CnH2n?

<p>Alkene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms?

<p>Trigonal planar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general structure of alkanes?

<p>CnH2n+2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed in the C=C double bond?

<p>one sigma and one pi bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula for propene, an alkene?

<p>C3H6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound has the molecular formula C3H6?

<p>Propene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the bond angle in a methane molecule?

<p>109.5 degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the structural representation of chloroethane?

<p>Its condensed structural formula is CH3CH2Cl. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hydrocarbons are methane, ethane, propane, and butane classified as?

<p>Aliphatic hydrocarbons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen atoms are present in butane (C4H10)?

<p>10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the condensed structural formula CH3OCH3 represent?

<p>Dimethyl ether (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?

<p>Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the solubility of nucleotides in water despite their nucleobases being hydrophobic?

<p>Hydrogen bonding between the nucleotide and water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of structure is formed when a glycerol molecule condenses with two fatty acids and a phosphate?

<p>Phospholipid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a nucleophile in organic chemistry?

<p>Electron-rich reagent that donates an electron pair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>Presence of double bonds in the carbon chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of organic reactions, what is the primary function of curly arrows in mechanisms?

<p>To show the direction of electron flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of electrophiles in organic reactions?

<p>They are typically electron-poor species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cholesterol is accurate?

<p>It contains a series of cyclic rings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural feature of a G-quadraplex?

<p>Stacked guanine bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the steric hindrance of bulky alkyl halides have on their reactivity?

<p>It decreases their reactivity for steric reasons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism, which characteristic best describes a good leaving group?

<p>A weak base that can stabilize a negative charge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the addition of hydrogen to an alkene, what role does the metal catalyst play?

<p>It facilitates the breaking of the double bond. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What denotes the geometry and hybridization of alkanes?

<p>Tetrahedral, sp3 hybridized with bond angles of 109.5°. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nucleophilicity generally relate to basicity?

<p>Good nucleophiles generally parallel good bases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing the rate of a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction?

<p>The concentration of both the nucleophile and the alkyl halide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the transition state in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

<p>It is unstable and forms only for a very brief moment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the addition reaction of reagents to an alkene?

<p>An atom adds to each of the carbons of the double bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome when HOBr and an alkene react during halohydrin formation?

<p>Formation of a mixture of enantiomers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives in nucleophilic substitution reactions?

<p>The electron-donating or withdrawing nature of the substituent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of reactivity for carboxylic acid derivatives towards nucleophilic substitution?

<p>Acid Halide &gt; Acid Anhydride &gt; Thioester &gt; Ester &gt; Amide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During HX addition to an alkene, what characteristic is true about stereochemistry?

<p>A racemic mixture is usually produced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a characteristic of acid halides compared to other carboxylic acid derivatives?

<p>They have the highest electrophilicity and are most reactive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the electronic effect of an electron-donating substituent (X) on a carboxylic acid derivative?

<p>It decreases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, which of the following statements about leaving groups is incorrect?

<p>Leaving groups typically do not affect the rate of reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism

A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group on an alkyl halide.

SN2 reaction

A second-order nucleophilic substitution reaction where the nucleophile attacks the carbon atom from the back side.

Alkyl Halide Reactivity

Bulky alkyl halides are less reactive due to steric hindrance, or space constraints, around the reacting carbon.

Nucleophile Strength

Nucleophilicity generally parallels basicity. Good bases tend to be good nucleophiles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leaving Group Ability

Good leaving groups are weak bases that can effectively stabilize a negative charge when expelled.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Addition Reaction (Alkenes)

Reactions where atoms or groups add across the double bond of an alkene.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkane Structure

Alkanes have sp3 hybridized carbons with tetrahedral geometry and bond angles of 109.5°. They are relatively unreactive due to strong C-C and C-H bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkene Addition of Hydrogen

Hydrogenation of an alkene, usually with a metal catalyst like Pd/C or PtO2, adding hydrogen across the double bond to form an alkane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HX addition to alkenes

A hydrogen halide (HX) adds across the double bond of an alkene, with the H adding to one carbon and the X to the other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Halohydrin formation

Halogens (X2) and water (H2O) add across the double bond of an alkene, creating a halogen and hydroxyl group on the alkene carbons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

The reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives (like acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, and amides) towards nucleophilic substitution depends on the substituent X. Electron-withdrawing groups increase reactivity; electron-donating groups decrease reactivity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleophilic substitution reaction

A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group on a molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epoxidation of alkenes

A reaction where an alkene is converted into an epoxide using a peroxyacid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carboxylate ion reactivity

Carboxylate ions are not reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions because the negative charge repels other nucleophiles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleophilic attack (SN2)

A nucleophile attacking a carbon bearing a good leaving group. The nucleophile replaces the leaving group in one step.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkyl halide

An alkyl halide contains a halogen atom attached to an alkyl group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Halogen Addition to Alkenes

Halogens like Cl2 and Br2 readily add to alkenes, forming dihaloalkanes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bromonium Ion Intermediate

When a halogen adds to an alkene, a cyclic intermediate called a bromonium ion forms (with chlorine, it's a chloronium ion). This intermediate has a positive charge on the bromine atom and is stabilized by the ring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anti (trans) Stereochemistry

The addition of halogens to alkenes results in an anti (trans) stereochemical outcome. This means the two halogen atoms end up on opposite sides of the molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbocation Formation

When HX adds to an alkene, a carbocation intermediate is formed, with a positive charge on a carbon atom. The stability of this carbocation influences the regiochemistry (where the H and X go) of the reaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Markovnikov's Rule

In the addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms already attached, and the halide attaches to the more substituted carbon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prochiral Center

A carbon atom in an alkene that has the potential to become a chiral center after a reaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Racemic Mixture

A 50:50 mixture of two enantiomers, formed when a reaction creates a new chiral center.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkane Formula

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkene Formula

The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkyne Formula

The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are cyclic alkanes with the general formula CnH2n, where 'n' represents the number of carbons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benzene Structure

Benzene is a cyclic, aromatic compound with six carbon atoms forming a ring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Functional Groups

A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Octet Rule

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable configuration with eight electrons in their outermost shell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Noble Gas Configuration Rule

Atoms strive to have electron configurations similar to those of noble gases, which typically have a full octet of electrons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bond Formation & Octet

To form a new bond, an existing bond must often be broken to ensure atoms maintain their octet of electrons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Valence Electrons & Bonding

The number of valence electrons an atom has determines the number of bonds it typically forms to achieve the octet rule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reaction Mechanism

A stepwise description of bonding and electron changes in a chemical reaction, like a step-by-step recipe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons containing a cyclic arrangement of carbons with alternating single and double bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alcohols

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethers

Organic compounds with an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amines

Organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phenols

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) directly attached to an aromatic ring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aldehydes

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ketones

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carboxylic Acids

Organic compounds containing a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to a carbon atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esters

Organic compounds formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amides

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a nitrogen atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parent Name

Indicates the main carbon chain or ring of a molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Suffix

Identifies the principal functional group in a molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prefix

Identifies the substituents (side groups) attached to the main chain or ring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Locants

Numbers indicating the position of substituents on the main chain or ring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleophilic Substitution

A reaction where a nucleophile (electron-rich species) replaces a leaving group (electron-deficient species) on a molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkene Reactivity

Alkenes are electron-rich molecules due to their pi bond, making them good nucleophiles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stereochemistry

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, influencing its properties and reactivity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbocation Formation (HX Addition)

When HX (hydrogen halide, like HCl) adds to an alkene, a carbocation intermediate forms with a positive charge on a carbon atom. Its stability influences the regiochemistry of the addition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steric Hindrance

Bulky alkyl halides are less reactive because the bulky groups around the carbon atom hinder the approach of reactants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anti-periplanar Conformational Requirement

In an E2 reaction, the leaving group and the hydrogen atom being removed must be in a specific arrangement known as anti-periplanar, with a dihedral angle of 180 degrees.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Zaitsev's Rule

In elimination reactions, the major product formed is the alkene with the most substituted double bond (more alkyl groups attached to the double bond).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbocation Intermediate

A positively charged species formed during SN1 and E1 reactions. The stability of the carbocation influences the rate and outcome of the reaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SN2 vs E2

Factors favoring SN2: Low temperature, primary substrate, strong nucleophile. Factors favoring E2: High temperature, tertiary substrate, strong bulky base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T, G-C) contribute to the stability and structure of DNA. They are responsible for holding the two strands together in a double helix.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA Solubility

DNA's hydrophilic phosphate backbone and sugar groups interact with water, making it soluble. The hydrophobic bases are tucked inside the helix, minimizing their contact with water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phospholipid Structure

A phospholipid has a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails. This dual nature makes them excellent surfactants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organic Reaction Mechanism

A step-by-step explanation of how a reaction proceeds, showing bond breaking, formation, and electron flow using curly arrows.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why Study Organic Reaction Mechanisms?

Understanding reaction mechanisms helps predict products, design synthetic strategies, and explain reaction rates and conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stereochemistry of HX Addition

When HX adds to an alkene, the hydrogen and halogen can add to either side of the double bond, creating a mixture of enantiomers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Halohydrin Mechanism

The formation of a halohydrin involves a three-step mechanism: halogen addition, bromonium ion formation, and nucleophilic attack by water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epoxidation

Alkenes can be converted into epoxides, three-membered cyclic ethers, using a peroxyacid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drawing Chemical Structures

Different ways of representing chemical structures: Molecular Formula, Condensed Structural Formula, Structural Formula, Lewis Structure, Kekule Structure

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the simplest organic molecules called?

They are called hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the general structure of alkanes?

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general structure CnH2n+2.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the difference between ethane, propane, and butane?

Ethane has two carbon atoms, propane has three, and butane has four. The number of carbon atoms determines the name and formula of the alkane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkene Reactions

Reactions involving the double bond (pi bond) of alkenes. They react with electrophiles, species that are electron-deficient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Addition Reaction

A reaction where atoms or groups are added across the double bond of an alkene, causing the pi bond to break.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogenation

An addition reaction where hydrogen gas (H2) is added across the double bond of an alkene, forming an alkane. Usually requires a metal catalyst.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benzene

A cyclic, aromatic compound with six carbon atoms forming a ring, having alternating single and double bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

sp2 Hybridization

The carbon atoms in a double bond are sp2 hybridized. One 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals combine to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals, which lie in a planar triangle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

sp3 Hybridization

The carbon atoms in alkanes are sp3 hybridized. One 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals combine to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals, which are arranged in a tetrahedron.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pi-Bond

A type of covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of atomic orbitals, resulting in electron density above and below the plane of the bonded atoms. It is weaker than a sigma bond.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Organic Chemistry Syllabus

  • Nomenclature of carbon chains, simple hydrocarbons and aromatics is covered.
  • Oxygen-based functional groups (hydroxyls, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters) are detailed.
  • Sugars, amino acids, peptides, lipids and nucleic acids are examined.
  • Chemistry of carbonyls is introduced.
  • Reactions including substitution, addition, elimination, condensation and hydrolysis are discussed.

Organisation

  • Professor Eoin Scanlan is the lecturer.
  • Contact details are provided.
  • Recommended textbooks for further study are listed.

Organic Chemistry

  • The chemistry of carbon combined with other elements is studied.
  • Carbon's atomic number is 6 with 12.011 atomic mass.
  • Isotopes include 11C, 12C, 13C, 14C and valency is 4.
  • Carbon forms four strong and stable bonds with various elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
  • Stable double and triple bonds with itself and other elements explain the multitude of 3D structures possible.
  • Carbon exhibits suitable electronegativity for polar bonds.
  • Earth's abundance of carbon makes it a valuable starting material.
  • Atomic orbitals are regions in space with high electron probability.
  • The 1s orbital is the lowest energy state, and 2p orbitals (Px, Py, Pz) are possible orbitals.
  • Carbon's valency is a measure of chemical bonds by atoms.
  • Hybridisation involves mixing atomic orbitals to generate hybrid orbitals that are energetically favourable for bonding.
  • Carbon's 1s22s22p12p12p0 suggests a valency of 2.
  • However, excitement and hybridizing of electrons lead to a valency of four.
  • Hybridization of C leads to four equivalent hybrid orbitals (sp3).

Atomic Orbitals

  • Atomic Orbitals are regions or volume in space where finding electrons is most likely.
  • The 1s orbital has the lowest energy.
  • The 2s orbital is the next harmonic state.
  • The 2p orbital is divided into 3 possible orbital forms, Px, Py, Pz.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Organic Chemistry PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry, including carbon chain nomenclature, functional groups, and the chemistry of biomolecules. Topics such as substitution and addition reactions are also explored. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their understanding of organic chemistry principles.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser