Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Questions and Answers

What is the product of the sulfonation of an alkylbenzene?

Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (correct)

Alkylbenzene sulfite

Alkylbenzene sulfate

Alkylbenzene sulfonate

What is the primary economic significance of sulfonation in the chemical industry?

Manufacture of dyes and pigments

Synthesis of polymers and plastics

Production of detergents (correct)

Production of pharmaceuticals

What is the resulting product after neutralizing the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid with a base?

Alkylbenzene sulfonate (correct)

Alkylbenzene sulfite

Alkylbenzene sulfate

Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid

How does the reactivity of larger polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons compare to anthracene and phenanthrene?

More reactive Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increased reactivity of toluene compared to benzene in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions?

Activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of the nitration of toluene?

Mixture of ortho and para-substituted products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following catalysts is commonly used in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction?

Aluminum chloride Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the base in the neutralization process after the sulfonation of an alkylbenzene?

To neutralize the sulfonic acid to form a salt Signup and view all the answers

What did August Kekulé propose regarding the structure of benzene in 1872?

A hybrid of two equivalent Kekulé structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle in benzene?

120° Signup and view all the answers

How many conjugated double bonds does benzene contain?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What happens when bromine is added to benzene?

No reaction occurs, and the red bromine color remains Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction does benzene undergo with bromine?

Substitution Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the reaction between bromine, benzene, and a catalyst like ferric bromide?

Substitution of a bromine atom for a hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe cyclic hydrocarbons with alternating single and double bonds?

Arenes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the addition of a catalyst like ferric bromide on the reaction between bromine and benzene?

Speeds up the addition reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reaction between alkyl halides and benzene in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts?

Friedel–Crafts alkylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Lewis acid catalyst in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction?

To increase the reactivity of the alkyl halide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution?

Friedel-Crafts alkylation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functional groups is meta-directing?

-NO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the sulfonation of alkylbenzenes?

Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a local anesthetic?

Procaine Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the nitration of chlorobenzene?

Both ortho and para position Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions involves the formation of an ester from phenol?

Friedel-Crafts acylation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reactivity of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Larger polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are less reactive than anthracene and phenanthrene.

Sulfonation in the Chemical Industry

The primary economic significance of sulfonation is the manufacture of dyes and pigments.
Sulfonation of an alkylbenzene produces an alkylbenzene sulfonic acid.
The role of the base in the neutralization process is to neutralize the sulfonic acid to form a salt.
The resulting product after neutralizing the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid with a base is an alkylbenzene sulfonate.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions

Toluene is more reactive than benzene in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions due to activation.
The primary product of the nitration of toluene is a mixture of ortho and para-substituted products.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction

Aluminum chloride is a commonly used catalyst in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction.
The role of the Lewis acid catalyst is to initiate the reaction.
Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a reaction between alkyl halides and benzene in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts.

Chemical Reactions

Friedel-Crafts acylation is a reaction between acyl halides and benzene in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts.
Clemmensen reduction is a reaction that reduces ketones to alkanes using zinc-mercury amalgam.
Oxidation reaction of phenol produces quinone.

Directing Effects of Substituents on Benzene

Meta-directing functional groups include -NO2 and -COX.
Ortho, para-directing functional groups include -OH, -NH2, -X, and -OCH3.

Aromatic Compounds

August Kekulé proposed in 1872 that the structure of benzene is a ring of six sp2 hybrid carbon atoms.
The C-C bonds in benzene are described as something in between single and double bonds.
The bond angle in benzene is 120°.
The carbon-carbon bond lengths in benzene are unique because they are equal in length.
Benzene contains three conjugated double bonds.

Reaction of Benzene with Bromine

When bromine is added to benzene, no reaction occurs, and the red bromine color remains.
The reaction between bromine and benzene is a substitution reaction.
The addition of a catalyst like ferric bromide speeds up the substitution reaction.
The result of the reaction between bromine, benzene, and a catalyst like ferric bromide is the substitution of a bromine atom for a hydrogen.

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Test your knowledge of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfonation reactions in the chemical industry.