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Questions and Answers
What type of bond is found between carbon atoms in aromatic hydrocarbons?
What is the name of the aromatic hydrocarbon with 6 carbon atoms in the ring?
What is the characteristic shape of aromatic hydrocarbons?
What type of reaction do aromatic hydrocarbons undergo with an electrophile?
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What is the term for the ability of aromatic hydrocarbons to exhibit aromatic properties?
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What is the boiling point of aromatic hydrocarbons compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons?
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What is the name of the class of aromatic hydrocarbons with multiple rings?
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What is the term for the functional groups attached to the aromatic ring?
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Study Notes
General Characteristics
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are a type of organic compound that contains a planar, ring-shaped structure with alternating double bonds between carbon atoms.
- They are also known as arenes or aryl hydrocarbons.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are characterized by their unique properties, such as:
- High stability due to resonance
- Planar, ring-shaped structure
- Aromaticity (ability to exhibit aromatic properties)
Nomenclature
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbon atoms in the ring:
- Benzene (C6H6): 6 carbon atoms
- Toluene (C7H8): 7 carbon atoms
- Xylene (C8H10): 8 carbon atoms
- Naphthalene (C10H8): 10 carbon atoms
- Substituents (functional groups) are named using the prefix or suffix system:
- Prefix: e.g., methyl- (CH3-), ethyl- (CH3CH2-)
- Suffix: e.g., -ol (OH), -al (CHO)
Physical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are typically:
- Colorless liquids or solids
- Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents
- Have a characteristic, pleasant aroma
- They have a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons due to the planar, ring-shaped structure
Chemical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, where an electrophile (electron-loving species) replaces a hydrogen atom on the ring:
- Nitration: reaction with NO2+
- Halogenation: reaction with Cl2 or Br2
- Sulfonation: reaction with SO3
- Aromatic hydrocarbons can also undergo electrophilic addition reactions, such as:
- Hydrogenation: reaction with H2
- Alkylation: reaction with an alkyl halide
Important Compounds
- Benzene (C6H6): a parent compound and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons
- Toluene (C7H8): a solvent and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons
- Naphthalene (C10H8): a precursor to many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a class of aromatic hydrocarbons with multiple rings, e.g., anthracene, phenanthrene
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Aromatic hydrocarbons have a planar, ring-shaped structure with alternating double bonds between carbon atoms.
- They are also known as arenes or aryl hydrocarbons.
Characteristics
- Aromatic hydrocarbons have high stability due to resonance.
- They have a planar, ring-shaped structure.
- They exhibit aromaticity (ability to exhibit aromatic properties).
Nomenclature
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbon atoms in the ring.
- Examples include:
- Benzene (C6H6) with 6 carbon atoms
- Toluene (C7H8) with 7 carbon atoms
- Xylene (C8H10) with 8 carbon atoms
- Naphthalene (C10H8) with 10 carbon atoms
- Substituents (functional groups) are named using the prefix or suffix system.
- Prefix examples: methyl- (CH3-), ethyl- (CH3CH2-)
- Suffix examples: -ol (OH), -al (CHO)
Physical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are typically:
- Colorless liquids or solids
- Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents
- Have a characteristic, pleasant aroma
- They have a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons due to the planar, ring-shaped structure.
Chemical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on the ring.
- Examples include:
- Nitration (reaction with NO2+)
- Halogenation (reaction with Cl2 or Br2)
- Sulfonation (reaction with SO3)
- Examples include:
- Aromatic hydrocarbons can also undergo electrophilic addition reactions, such as:
- Hydrogenation (reaction with H2)
- Alkylation (reaction with an alkyl halide)
Important Compounds
- Benzene (C6H6) is a parent compound and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Toluene (C7H8) is a solvent and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Naphthalene (C10H8) is a precursor to many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of aromatic hydrocarbons with multiple rings, including anthracene and phenanthrene.
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons, including their planar ring structure, stability, and aromaticity. Explore how they are named and classified.
