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Questions and Answers
What type of bond is found between carbon atoms in aromatic hydrocarbons?
What type of bond is found between carbon atoms in aromatic hydrocarbons?
What is the name of the aromatic hydrocarbon with 6 carbon atoms in the ring?
What is the name of the aromatic hydrocarbon with 6 carbon atoms in the ring?
What is the characteristic shape of aromatic hydrocarbons?
What is the characteristic shape of aromatic hydrocarbons?
What type of reaction do aromatic hydrocarbons undergo with an electrophile?
What type of reaction do aromatic hydrocarbons undergo with an electrophile?
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What is the term for the ability of aromatic hydrocarbons to exhibit aromatic properties?
What is the term for the ability of aromatic hydrocarbons to exhibit aromatic properties?
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What is the boiling point of aromatic hydrocarbons compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons?
What is the boiling point of aromatic hydrocarbons compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons?
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What is the name of the class of aromatic hydrocarbons with multiple rings?
What is the name of the class of aromatic hydrocarbons with multiple rings?
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What is the term for the functional groups attached to the aromatic ring?
What is the term for the functional groups attached to the aromatic ring?
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Study Notes
General Characteristics
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are a type of organic compound that contains a planar, ring-shaped structure with alternating double bonds between carbon atoms.
- They are also known as arenes or aryl hydrocarbons.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are characterized by their unique properties, such as:
- High stability due to resonance
- Planar, ring-shaped structure
- Aromaticity (ability to exhibit aromatic properties)
Nomenclature
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbon atoms in the ring:
- Benzene (C6H6): 6 carbon atoms
- Toluene (C7H8): 7 carbon atoms
- Xylene (C8H10): 8 carbon atoms
- Naphthalene (C10H8): 10 carbon atoms
- Substituents (functional groups) are named using the prefix or suffix system:
- Prefix: e.g., methyl- (CH3-), ethyl- (CH3CH2-)
- Suffix: e.g., -ol (OH), -al (CHO)
Physical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are typically:
- Colorless liquids or solids
- Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents
- Have a characteristic, pleasant aroma
- They have a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons due to the planar, ring-shaped structure
Chemical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, where an electrophile (electron-loving species) replaces a hydrogen atom on the ring:
- Nitration: reaction with NO2+
- Halogenation: reaction with Cl2 or Br2
- Sulfonation: reaction with SO3
- Aromatic hydrocarbons can also undergo electrophilic addition reactions, such as:
- Hydrogenation: reaction with H2
- Alkylation: reaction with an alkyl halide
Important Compounds
- Benzene (C6H6): a parent compound and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons
- Toluene (C7H8): a solvent and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons
- Naphthalene (C10H8): a precursor to many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a class of aromatic hydrocarbons with multiple rings, e.g., anthracene, phenanthrene
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Aromatic hydrocarbons have a planar, ring-shaped structure with alternating double bonds between carbon atoms.
- They are also known as arenes or aryl hydrocarbons.
Characteristics
- Aromatic hydrocarbons have high stability due to resonance.
- They have a planar, ring-shaped structure.
- They exhibit aromaticity (ability to exhibit aromatic properties).
Nomenclature
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbon atoms in the ring.
- Examples include:
- Benzene (C6H6) with 6 carbon atoms
- Toluene (C7H8) with 7 carbon atoms
- Xylene (C8H10) with 8 carbon atoms
- Naphthalene (C10H8) with 10 carbon atoms
- Substituents (functional groups) are named using the prefix or suffix system.
- Prefix examples: methyl- (CH3-), ethyl- (CH3CH2-)
- Suffix examples: -ol (OH), -al (CHO)
Physical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons are typically:
- Colorless liquids or solids
- Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents
- Have a characteristic, pleasant aroma
- They have a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons due to the planar, ring-shaped structure.
Chemical Properties
- Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on the ring.
- Examples include:
- Nitration (reaction with NO2+)
- Halogenation (reaction with Cl2 or Br2)
- Sulfonation (reaction with SO3)
- Examples include:
- Aromatic hydrocarbons can also undergo electrophilic addition reactions, such as:
- Hydrogenation (reaction with H2)
- Alkylation (reaction with an alkyl halide)
Important Compounds
- Benzene (C6H6) is a parent compound and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Toluene (C7H8) is a solvent and a precursor to many other aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Naphthalene (C10H8) is a precursor to many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of aromatic hydrocarbons with multiple rings, including anthracene and phenanthrene.
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons, including their planar ring structure, stability, and aromaticity. Explore how they are named and classified.
