Organic Chemistry: Organic Reagents Overview

PCl₅, PBr₅, PI₃

SOCl₂, PCl₅

HCl/ZnCl₂, HBr, HI

<p>Cl₂/Fe or FeCl₃</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NaNO₂, HCl (0-5^oC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phosphorus trichloride ($PCl_3$), phosphorus tribromide ($PBr_3$), and phosphorus triiodide ($PI_3$) are used to convert alcohols into alkyl halides.

Thionyl chloride ($SOCl_2$) and phosphorus pentachloride ($PCl_5$) are used to convert alcohols into alkyl chlorides and carboxylic acids into acid chlorides.

Hydrogen chloride with zinc chloride ($HCl/ZnCl_2$), hydrogen bromide ($HBr$), and hydrogen iodide ($HI$) are used to convert alcohols into alkyl halides.

Chlorine ($Cl_2$) with iron ($Fe$) or ferric chloride ($FeCl_3$) is used to substitute a chlorine group on a benzene ring.

Sodium nitrite ($NaNO_2$) with hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) at a temperature of 0-5°C is used for diazotization.

Cuprous chloride ($CuCl$), cuprous bromide ($CuBr$ ), cuprous cyanide ($CuCN$), potassium iodide ($KI$), water ($H_2O$), and phosphoric acid ($H_3PO_4$ ) are used to convert diazonium chloride into chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, benzonitrile, iodobenzene, phenol, and benzene respectively.

Hydrogen tetrafluoroborate ($HBF_4$) or sodium tetrafluoroborate ($NaBF_4$) is used to convert diazonium chloride into fluorobenzene.

Silver fluoride ($AgF$), mercury(II) fluoride ($HgF_2$), antimony(III) fluoride ($SbF_3$), and cobalt(II) fluoride ($CoF$) are used to convert alkyl halides into alkyl fluorides.

Sodium in dry ether is used to convert alkyl halides into alkanes.

Sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$) at 623K, 443K, or 368K is used to convert chlorobenzene to phenol.

Bromine ($Br_2$) with ferric bromide ($FeBr_3$) is used for bromination of benzene.

Chlorine ($Cl_2$) with ferric chloride ($FeCl_3$) is used for chlorination of benzene.

Methyl chloride ($CH_3Cl$) with aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) is used for alkylation of benzene and its derivatives.

Acetyl chloride ($CH_3CO-Cl$) with aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) is used for acylation on benzene.

Concentrated sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) and nitric acid ($HNO_3$) are used for nitration of benzene.

Acetic anhydride ($(CH_3CO)_2O$) with aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) is used for O-acylation of phenol.

Concentrated sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) is used for sulfonation on benzene.

Water with sulfuric acid ($H_2O/H_2SO_4$) is used to convert alkenes into alcohols.

Aqueous potassium hydroxide ($aq KOH$) is used to convert alkyl halides into alcohols.

Borane ($BH_3$) followed by hydrogen peroxide with sodium hydroxide ($H_2O_2/NaOH$) is used to convert alkenes into alcohols, producing the anti-Markovnikov product.

Sodium borohydride ($NaBH_4$) and lithium aluminum hydride ($LiAlH_4$) are used to reduce aldehydes, ketones, and acids into alcohols. They are also used to reduce nitriles and isocyanides into amines.

Hydrogen gas with nickel ($H_2/Ni$) or palladium ($H_2/Pd$) is used to reduce aldehydes, ketones, and nitriles.