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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes alkanes?
Which statement accurately describes alkanes?
- They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
- They are fully saturated hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. (correct)
- They are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing only single bonds.
- They contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What is the general formula for alkanes?
- $C_nH_{n+2}$
- $C_nH_{2n}$
- $C_nH_{2n+2}$ (correct)
- $C_nH_{2n-2}$
Which of the following is correct regarding IUPAC nomenclature?
Which of the following is correct regarding IUPAC nomenclature?
- It depends on trivial names.
- It is used only for cycloalkanes.
- It is optional for naming complex organic molecules.
- It standardizes the naming of chemical compounds. (correct)
In IUPAC nomenclature, what does the 'locant' refer to?
In IUPAC nomenclature, what does the 'locant' refer to?
When identifying the parent hydrocarbon in an alkane, which of the following rules takes precedence?
When identifying the parent hydrocarbon in an alkane, which of the following rules takes precedence?
When numbering the main carbon chain, what is the priority?
When numbering the main carbon chain, what is the priority?
What should you do if two or more branches are present at equal distance from both ends of the parent chain?
What should you do if two or more branches are present at equal distance from both ends of the parent chain?
How should multiple identical alkyl groups be indicated in the IUPAC name?
How should multiple identical alkyl groups be indicated in the IUPAC name?
When writing the full IUPAC name of an alkane, how are the prefixes, locants, parent name, and suffix connected?
When writing the full IUPAC name of an alkane, how are the prefixes, locants, parent name, and suffix connected?
In what order should branches be listed when naming alkanes?
In what order should branches be listed when naming alkanes?
What is the systematic name for the isobutyl group?
What is the systematic name for the isobutyl group?
What is the common name for 1,1-dimethylethyl group?
What is the common name for 1,1-dimethylethyl group?
When naming a complex branch, how should it be treated?
When naming a complex branch, how should it be treated?
What is the primary difference in the general formula between cycloalkanes and alkanes?
What is the primary difference in the general formula between cycloalkanes and alkanes?
When naming substituted cycloalkanes, where do you begin numbering the carbon atoms in the ring?
When naming substituted cycloalkanes, where do you begin numbering the carbon atoms in the ring?
For a disubstituted cycloalkane, what is the cis relationship?
For a disubstituted cycloalkane, what is the cis relationship?
What is the IUPAC name for a 7-carbon continuous chain alkane?
What is the IUPAC name for a 7-carbon continuous chain alkane?
Consider a compound named 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane. What is the total number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain?
Consider a compound named 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane. What is the total number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain?
Which of the following names follow the correct IUPAC nomenclature for a branched alkane?
Which of the following names follow the correct IUPAC nomenclature for a branched alkane?
In the name '3,3-dimethylpentane', what does the prefix 'di-' indicate?
In the name '3,3-dimethylpentane', what does the prefix 'di-' indicate?
Which of the following is the correct systematic name for sec-butyl group?
Which of the following is the correct systematic name for sec-butyl group?
Which carbon atom should be numbered as '1' in a monosubstituted cycloalkane?
Which carbon atom should be numbered as '1' in a monosubstituted cycloalkane?
Considering the molecule 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane, what relationship exists between the ethyl and methyl groups?
Considering the molecule 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane, what relationship exists between the ethyl and methyl groups?
How does the presence of a ring affect the number of hydrogens in a cycloalkane compared to a straight-chain alkane with the same number of carbons?
How does the presence of a ring affect the number of hydrogens in a cycloalkane compared to a straight-chain alkane with the same number of carbons?
In a substituted cycloalkane, if there are several substituents, how should the ring be numbered?
In a substituted cycloalkane, if there are several substituents, how should the ring be numbered?
What distinguishes the 'iso' prefix from 'sec' or 'tert' prefixes in alkyl group nomenclature?
What distinguishes the 'iso' prefix from 'sec' or 'tert' prefixes in alkyl group nomenclature?
Flashcards
What are alkanes?
What are alkanes?
Hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds, fully saturated with hydrogen.
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC Nomenclature
Prefix-Locant-Parent-Suffix
Parent Hydrocarbon
Parent Hydrocarbon
Identify the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule.
What is a Branch Point?
What is a Branch Point?
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Numbering the Main Chain
Numbering the Main Chain
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Writing Alkane Names
Writing Alkane Names
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What are Cycloalkanes?
What are Cycloalkanes?
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Numbering Substituents on Cycloalkanes
Numbering Substituents on Cycloalkanes
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What is a Cis-Cycloalkane?
What is a Cis-Cycloalkane?
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What is a Trans-Cycloalkane?
What is a Trans-Cycloalkane?
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Study Notes
- MED-108 Organic Chemistry Lecture 2 focuses on naming organic compounds from their structure and drawing chemical structures from their names.
Naming Alkanes
- Alkanes are hydrocarbons containing only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms.
- Alkanes are fully saturated with hydrogen.
- Alkanes contain only single covalent bonds.
- Alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n+2.
Rules for Naming Alkanes
- The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) provides the nomenclature rules.
- The general structure of an alkane name follows the format: Prefix-Locant-Parent-Suffix.
- The prefix indicates what and where the branches are.
- The locant indicates where the primary functional group is located.
- The parent indicates the total number of carbons present.
- The suffix indicates what the primary functional group is.
Step 1: Find the Parent Hydrocarbon
- Identify the longest continuous carbon chain.
- Choose the chain with the larger number of branches, leave out smaller branches.
- The parent chain forms the backbone of the molecule.
- Naming Alkanes also uses prefix + "-ane", where the prefix is based on number of carbons and -ane stands for alkANE
Step 2: Number the Main Chain
- Begin numbering at the end that is nearest to the first branch point.
- If the first branch point is equidistant, proceed to use the second branch point.
Step 3: Identify and Number Branches
- Identify alkyl groups attached to the main chain.
- Combine two methyl groups into dimethyl, and state locants like "3,6-dimethyl"
- Ensure there are as many numbers as there are branches along the chain.
Step 4: Write the Name as a Single Word
- Use hyphens (-) to separate different prefixes.
- Use commas (,) to separate numbers from each other.
- List branches in alphabetical order.
Step 5: Naming Complex Branches
- Name a complex branch as if it was itself a compound
Alkyl Groups Names
- Some alkyl groups, like isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl, have trivial names.
- sec- is attached to a carbon that holds another 2 carbons.
- tert- is attached to a carbon that holds another 3 carbons.
Naming Cycloalkanes
- Cycloalkanes are cyclic alkanes.
- Cycloalkanes have the general formula CnH2n.
- "Cyclo-" precedes the alkane name to indicate the cyclic structure such as cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane.
Substituted Cycloalkanes
- Start counting the carbons where you have the first substitution.
- E.g. 1-bromo-2-methycyclohexane
- E.g. 1-cyclopropyl-3-methycyclobutane
Cis and Trans Cycloalkanes
- Cis: Substituents are on the same side of the ring.
- Trans: Substituents are on opposite sides of the ring.
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