Organic Chemistry - Lessons 1 & 2
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Questions and Answers

Which factor primarily contributes to the increase in melting and boiling points of larger hydrocarbons?

  • Increased hydrogen bonding
  • Reduced molecular weight
  • Stronger London forces (correct)
  • Higher dipole-dipole interactions

    • What is the primary characteristic of hydrocarbons that makes them generally non-polar?

  • Presence of multiple functional groups
  • Significant electronegativity difference
  • Equal sharing of electrons (correct)
  • Presence of hydroxyl groups

    • What defines a chiral carbon?

  • A carbon bonded to four different groups (correct)
  • A carbon that can rotate light to the left
  • A carbon bonded to two identical groups
  • A carbon that is part of a double bond

    • Which type of isomerism involves compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas due to branching?

    <p>Constitutional isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the prefixes for branches in a hydrocarbon's name typically formatted?

    <p>Dashes separate numbers from letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability of an element to form long chains or cyclic structures?

    <p>Catenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a tetrahedral molecular geometry?

    <p>4 electron pairs around the central atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct molecular formula for ethanol?

    <p>C2H5OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the nomenclature of organic compounds, which prefix is used for a compound with three carbon atoms?

    <p>Prop-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hydrocarbon derivative?

    <p>Amides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a line diagram, what does the '−' symbol represent?

    <p>A single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkynes?

    <p>$C_nH_{2n-2}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular orbital hybridizes the 1s and 3p orbitals?

    <p>sp3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction do polar compounds like halo alkanes and alcohols undergo?

    <p>Nucleophilic substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the bonding in alkenes?

    <p>A sigma bond and a pi bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomerism involves the position of the double or triple bond in alkenes and alkynes?

    <p>Positional isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle for sp3 hybridized alkanes?

    <p>109.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction process do alkenes and alkynes typically undergo due to their pi electrons?

    <p>Electrophilic addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is characterized by the cleavage of bonds and production of radicals?

    <p>Free radical substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the solubility of alkanes?

    <p>Alkanes are generally insoluble in polar solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In naming a branched hydrocarbon, what does the prefix 'Di' signify?

    <p>There are two separate branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When naming a hydrocarbon, which functional group takes priority if both hydroxyl (OH) and carboxylic acid (COOH) are present?

    <p>Carboxylic acid (COOH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when an electron-rich species replaces an atom or group in an aromatic compound?

    <p>Electrophilic substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a nucleophile?

    <p>An electron-rich species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of saturated organic compounds?

    <p>They contain only single bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the process of combustion?

    <p>Burning a compound in the presence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prefix is used to indicate that an isomer is optically active?

    <p>L (-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for an addition reaction to occur in organic compounds?

    <p>A double or triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when an alcohol reacts with an alkyl halide to form an ether?

    <p>Nucleophilic substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes ethers?

    <p>They are good solvents and have low reactivity unless with strong acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the alkyl groups in symmetrical ethers named?

    <p>By naming one alkyl group and adding the prefix 'di'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to phenols being more acidic than alcohols?

    <p>The oxygen atom is bonded to a sp-2 hybridized aromatic carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substituent characteristic makes the OH group in phenols a strong ortho/para directing group?

    <p>It participates in resonance stabilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct nomenclature of the ether CH3 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH3?

    <p>Methoxy propane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hazard associated with ethers due to their properties?

    <p>They are easily absorbed through the skin and are poisonous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical reaction is represented by 2CH3OH + 2Na → 2CH3O-Na + H2?

    <p>Formation of alkoxides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which addition reaction is specifically characterized by the addition of H2O to an alkene?

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Markovnikov’s Rule indicate about the addition of HBr to an alkene?

    <p>The hydrogen will attach to the more substituted carbon atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compound does not follow Huckel's rule?

    <p>Cycloalkenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of aromatic compounds, which does the term 'ortho' refer to?

    <p>Substituents that are adjacent to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

    <p>C_nH_{2n}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes electronegative substituents in aromatic compounds?

    <p>They direct electrophiles to the meta position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula accurately represents the general structure of alkyl halides?

    <p>C_nH_{2n+1}X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does resonance have on the reactivity of aromatic compounds?

    <p>It stabilizes them, making them less reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these terms refers to the stable substitution pattern on aromatic compounds?

    <p>Electrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 1

    • Catenation: The ability of carbon atoms to form long chains or rings/cyclic compounds.
    • Molecular Orbitals: The space where electrons are shared between two or more overlapping atomic orbitals.
    • Atomic Orbitals: S and P orbitals.
    • Hybridized Molecular Orbitals: A combination of S and P orbitals.
    • Molecular Orbitals (Examples):
      • sp³: 1s + 3p = 4 electron pairs, tetrahedral geometry
      • sp²: 1s + 2p + unhybridized p² = π bonds, trigonal planar geometry
      • sp: 1s + 1p + unhybridized pp² = 2π bonds, linear geometry

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 2

    • Homologous Series: A series of compounds with the same functional group, and successive members differ by a CH₂ group (14 mass units).

    • Hydrocarbons:

      • Alkanes: CnH₂n +2.
      • Alkenes: CnH₂n .
      • Alkynes: CnH₂n -2.

    • Hydrocarbon Derivatives:

      • Alcohols (-OH)
      • Carboxylic acids (-COOH)
      • Aldehydes (-CHO)
      • Ketones
      • Amines (-NH₂)

    • Physical Properties: Melting and boiling points increase as the molecular size of the hydrocarbon increases due to stronger London dispersion forces.

    • No dipole-dipole bonds: Hydrocarbon chains are nonpolar.

    • Steric hindrance: Increasing molecular size slows down reaction rates in the hydrocarbon due to steric hindrance.

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 3

    • Nomenclature:
      • Branch names first
      • Number branches by their place on the longest chain
      • Group branches alphabetically
    • Isomerism: Organic compounds with the same empirical/molecular formulas but different structural formulas.
    • Constitutional Isomers: Isomers that differ in the way atoms are arranged in the structure (branched vs. unbranched)
    • Stereoisomers: Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms. Cis, trans, etc.

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 4

    • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds only).
    • Hybridization: sp³ with a bond angle of 109.5°.
    • Molecular Geometry: Tetrahedral.
    • Nomenclature: Greek root + -ane suffix for naming.
    • Chemical properties: Alkanes are generally nonpolar and insoluble in polar solvents (such as water).

    Organic Chemistry -Lesson 5

    • Alkenes and Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons(double and triple bonds)
    • Alkenes: sp² hybridized. One sigma bond; one pi bond.
    • **Alkynes:**sp hybridized. One sigma bond, two pi bonds.
    • Isomers (examples):
      • Structural isomers (position / branch isomers)
      • Geometric isomers (cis/trans)

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 6

    • Aromatic Compounds: Compounds that obey Huckel's rule, with 4n + 2 pi electrons, (examples include benzene).
    • Benzene: 6 pi electrons, aromatic.
    • Aromatic Compounds are Stable: Stable due to resonance structures.
    • Huckel's Rule: All aromatic compounds must obey the Huckel rule with (4n+2) electrons.
    • Positional Isomerism examples: Ortho, para, meta- substituted benzene compounds.
    • Substitution Reactions (Aromatic): Replacing an atom or group in an aromatic compound.

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 7

    • Alkyl Halides: Organic compounds where a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) is bonded to an alkyl group.
    • Classification of Alkyl Halides (primary, secondary, tertiary) based on substitution patterns
      • Primary: One carbon bonded to the halogen
      • Secondary: Two carbons bonded to the halogen
      • Tertiary: Three carbons bonded to the halogen
    • Nomenclature: Using the root name plus -yl to indicate the halogen.

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 8

    • Alcohols: Organic compounds with an -OH or hydroxyl group.
    • Nomenclature: Prefix + Root + suffix + -ol.
    • Dehydration: Removal of water from a molecule typically using strong acids or phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3).

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 9

    • Ethers: Organic compounds with an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups.

    • Nomenclature: Name alkyl groups alphabetically, separated by 'oxy', or 'di', for symmetrical ethers.

    Organic Chemistry - Lesson 10

    • Phenols: Aromatic compounds with an -OH group bonded directly to an aromatic ring.
    • Reactivity and Substitution vs Alcohols: Phenols are more acidic than alcohols, and readily undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, but unlike alcohols are not alcohols with an aromatic ring..

    Additional Concepts

    • Markovnikov's rule: Guide for predicting addition reactions to alkenes.
    • Leaving Groups: Atoms or groups that readily depart from a molecule. Good leaving groups are weak bases that easily leave (e.g., halogens or sulfonates).
    • SN1 Reactions: unimolecular nucleophilic substitution, Slow step is carbocation formation.
    • SN2 Reactions: bimolecular nucleophilic substitution. One step reaction, high steric hindrance.
    • E1 Reactions: elimination reactions follow SN1 mechanism.
    • E2 reactions: elimination reactions, follow SN2 mechanism. One step reaction.

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