Organic Chemistry Functional Groups

Alcohol

• Contains an -OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
• Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group

Aldehyde

• Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen
• Has a -CHO group

Amide

• A functional derivative of a carboxylic acid
• An amino group replaces the -OH of the carboxyl group

Amine

• Organic compound where one, two, or three hydrogens of ammonia are replaced by carbon groups
• RNH₂, R₂NH, or R₃N, where R represents a carbon group

Amine Classification

• Primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°)
• Based on the number of carbon groups bonded to the nitrogen atom of the amino group

Amino Group

• A nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three R groups
• RNH₂, R₂NH, or R₃N, where R represents a carbon group

Carbonyl Group

• A C=O group

Carboxyl

• Carbonyl + hydroxyl group
• A -COOH group

Carboxylic Acid

• Contains a -COOH group

Carboxylic Ester

• A derivative of a carboxylic acid
• A carbon group replaces the H of the carboxyl group
• -COOR or -CO₂R

Condensed Structural Formula

• A shorthand method for writing organic structures
• Hydrogens are grouped with the atom they are attached to

Functional Group

• The group of atoms that gives a compound its identity
• Group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical behaviors

Hydroxyl (-OH) group

• An -OH group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom

Ketone

• Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon groups

Organic Chemistry

• The study of carbon compounds

Functional Group Summary

• Hydroxyl Group: A defining feature of alcohols, this group consists of an oxygen atom attached to a hydrogen atom (-OH).
• Carbonyl Group: A crucial component in aldehydes and ketones, this group features a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).
• Carboxyl Group: Found in carboxylic acids, this group is a combination of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group (-COOH), giving the compound acidic properties.
• Amino Group: Characterized by a nitrogen atom connected to one, two, or three carbon groups (RNH2, R2NH, or R3N). These are key building blocks in amino acids, proteins, and other biological molecules.

Alcohol Classification

• Primary alcohols (1°): Possess one carbon atom attached to the carbon bearing the -OH group.
• Secondary alcohols (2°): Have two carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group.
• Tertiary alcohols (3°): Feature three carbon atoms connected to the carbon bearing the -OH group.

Aldehyde & Ketone Differentiation

• Aldehydes: Contain a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom (-CHO).
• Ketones: Feature a carbonyl group linked to two carbon groups.

Amide & Amine Summary

• Amides: Derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group with an amino group (RCONH2). They are formed by a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine.
• Amines: Organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon groups (RNH2, R2NH, or R3N).

Amine Classification

• Primary amines (1°): Possess one carbon group attached to the nitrogen atom.
• Secondary amines (2°): Have two carbon groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
• Tertiary amines (3°): Feature three carbon groups connected to the nitrogen atom.

Ester & Carboxylic Acid Relationship

• Carboxylic Esters: Derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydrogen of the carboxyl group with a carbon group (-COOR, -CO2R).

Organic Chemistry & Condensed Structural Formulas

• Organic chemistry: Focuses on the study of carbon compounds.
• Condensed Structural Formulas: A shorthand method for expressing organic structures where hydrogens are bundled with the atoms they are attached to.

Test your knowledge of organic chemistry with this quiz focusing on various functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, amines, and carboxylic acids. Each question will challenge your understanding of the structures and classifications of these compounds.