Organic Chemistry: Carbon Classification and Naming
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Questions and Answers

What prefix is used to indicate two identical substituents on a carbon chain?

  • tetra
  • bi
  • di (correct)
  • tri

    • Alkanes are soluble in water.

    False

    Name two physical properties of alkanes.

    Alkanes have no color and are lighter than water.

    The molecular formula of butane is C4H__.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the alkane with its number of isomers:

    <p>Butane = 2 Pentane = 3 Hexane = 5 Heptane = 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the boiling points of alkanes is correct?

    <p>They increase with an increase in carbon chain length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when the sodium salt of carboxylic acid is heated with sodalime?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and alkane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first four alkanes are solids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkanes are very reactive with common reagents at room temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methods can be used for the preparation of alkanes?

    <p>From alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of reactions that alkanes typically undergo?

    <p>Substitution reactions and thermal &amp; catalytic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kolbe reaction involves the electrolysis of the sodium or potassium salt of __________ acid.

    <p>carboxylic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reactions with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Decarboxylation = Heating Na salt of carboxylic acid with sodalime Halogenation = Substitution of hydrogen in alkanes with halogens Kolbe’s method = Electrolysis of carboxylic acid salt Free radical substitution = Mechanism of halogenation in alkanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbon is attached to three other carbons?

    <p>Tertiary carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which halogen has the highest reactivity when reacting with alkanes?

    <p>Fluorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bonds in alkanes are long and weak, making them reactive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbon attached to two other carbons is considered a quaternary carbon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of reactivity for halogens with alkanes?

    <p>F &gt; Cl &gt; Br &gt; I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for an alkyl group?

    <p>CnH2n+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbon bonded to a functional group must have the ______ possible carbon number.

    <p>lowest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbon types with their definitions:

    <p>Primary carbon = Attached to one other carbon Secondary carbon = Attached to two other carbons Tertiary carbon = Attached to three other carbons Quaternary carbon = Attached to four other carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups are alphabetized under 'b'?

    <p>sec-butyl and tert-butyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IUPAC name should always be written as separate words.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to IUPAC naming rules, how are numbers in the name separated?

    <p>commas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when the Cl-Cl bond of elemental chlorine undergoes hemolysis?

    <p>Chlorine radical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The propagation step in radical reactions generates new products without regenerating chlorine atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane?

    <p>Methyl radical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Termination occurs when a chlorine atom reacts with another chlorine atom to generate ______.

    <p>Cl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents are primarily used in the nitration and sulphenation of alkanes?

    <p>Nitric acid and nitrogen tetroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyrolysis is the process of burning a compound in the presence of air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one by-product produced from the reaction of two methyl radicals.

    <p>Ethane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reactions with their definitions:

    <p>Hemolysis = Breaking of a bond due to light Propagation = Steps that form new radicals and regenerate existing ones Termination = Reaction leading to stable products Pyrolysis = Decomposition of compounds in the absence of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that converts straight-chain alkanes into branched chain isomers?

    <p>Isomerisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The general molecular formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a catalyst that can be used in the isomerisation of hexane to produce 2 and 3-methyl pentane.

    <p>Aluminium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion of aliphatic compounds into aromatic compounds is known as __________.

    <p>aromatization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Pyrolysis = Cracking of alkanes Isomerisation = Conversion of straight-chain to branched-chain alkanes Aromatisation = Conversion of aliphatic to aromatic compounds Cycloalkane = Alkane with carbon atoms in a ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding cycloalkanes?

    <p>They contain a ring of carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cycloalkanes require less hydrogen than their acyclic counterparts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cycloalkanes are named by adding the prefix 'cyclo' to the name of the _____ that has the same number of carbon atoms as in the ring.

    <p>alkane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbon Classification

    • Primary carbon: Attached to one other carbon.
    • Secondary carbon: Attached to two other carbons.
    • Tertiary carbon: Attached to three other carbons.
    • Quaternary carbon: Attached to four other carbons.

    Alkyl Groups

    • Formed by removing one hydrogen from an alkane, represented by formula CnH2n+1.
    • Naming convention changes -ane to -yl upon removal of hydrogen.

    IUPAC Naming Rules

    • Selection of Parent Chain: Longest carbon chain with functional group.
    • Numbering the Chain: Carbon with functional group receives the lowest number; in absence, lowest number assigned to substituents.
    • Alphabetical Order: Substituents ordered alphabetically; sec- and tert-butyl under "b", isobutyl and isopropyl under "i".
    • Nomenclature Grammar:
      • Single word format, with exceptions.
      • Use commas to separate numbers.
      • Hyphens separate numbers and letters.
      • Same type of substituents prefixed with di-, tri-, etc.

    Physical Properties of Alkanes

    • Colorless and less dense than water.
    • More soluble in non-polar solvents; insoluble in water.
    • Melting and boiling points increase with chain length.
    • First four alkanes are gases; next thirteen are liquids; higher members are waxy solids.

    Isomerism in Alkanes

    • Isomers: Same molecular formula, different structures.
    • First three hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane) do not exhibit isomerism.
    • Butane has two isomers (straight and branched).
    • Higher hydrocarbons show increasing numbers of isomers (e.g., pentane has 3, hexane has 5).

    Methods of Preparation for Alkanes

    • From alkenes and alkynes.
    • From alkyl halides.
    • From carboxylic acids.
    • Electrolysis of carboxylic acid salts (Kolbe's method).

    Chemical Reactions of Alkanes

    • Alkanes are stable; mainly undergo substitution reactions.
    • Substitution Reaction (Halogenation): Alkane reacts with halogens in UV light, forming halogenated alkanes through radical mechanisms.
      • Mechanism Steps:
        • Initiation: Halogen bond breaks into radicals.
        • Propagation: Radicals abstract hydrogen or halogen from alkanes.
        • Termination: Reaction ends when radicals combine or form stable products.

    Other Reactions

    • Nitration and Sulphenation: Radical mechanisms producing mixtures of nitrated or sulfonated alkanes.
    • Thermal & Catalytic Reactions:
      • Pyrolysis (Cracking): Breakdown of alkanes into smaller portions through heat without air.
      • Isomerisation: Conversion of straight chains to branched isomers under specific conditions.
      • Aromatisation: High-pressure and temperature conversion of alkanes (6-10 carbons) to aromatic compounds.

    Cycloalkanes

    • Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in a ring.
    • General formula: CnH2n, having two fewer hydrogens than linear alkanes.
    • Nomenclature: Prefix "cyclo" added to alkane name with the same number of carbons.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the classification of carbon types, the formation and naming of alkyl groups, and the IUPAC naming rules in organic chemistry. Test your understanding of functional groups, parent chain selection, and nomenclature grammar. Perfect for students studying organic chemistry concepts.

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