Podcast
Questions and Answers
What prefix is used to indicate two identical substituents on a carbon chain?
What prefix is used to indicate two identical substituents on a carbon chain?
- tetra
- bi
- di (correct)
- tri
Alkanes are soluble in water.
Alkanes are soluble in water.
False (B)
Name two physical properties of alkanes.
Name two physical properties of alkanes.
Alkanes have no color and are lighter than water.
The molecular formula of butane is C4H__.
The molecular formula of butane is C4H__.
Match the alkane with its number of isomers:
Match the alkane with its number of isomers:
Which statement about the boiling points of alkanes is correct?
Which statement about the boiling points of alkanes is correct?
What is produced when the sodium salt of carboxylic acid is heated with sodalime?
What is produced when the sodium salt of carboxylic acid is heated with sodalime?
The first four alkanes are solids.
The first four alkanes are solids.
Alkanes are very reactive with common reagents at room temperature.
Alkanes are very reactive with common reagents at room temperature.
What methods can be used for the preparation of alkanes?
What methods can be used for the preparation of alkanes?
What are the two types of reactions that alkanes typically undergo?
What are the two types of reactions that alkanes typically undergo?
The Kolbe reaction involves the electrolysis of the sodium or potassium salt of __________ acid.
The Kolbe reaction involves the electrolysis of the sodium or potassium salt of __________ acid.
Match the following reactions with their respective descriptions:
Match the following reactions with their respective descriptions:
What type of carbon is attached to three other carbons?
What type of carbon is attached to three other carbons?
Which halogen has the highest reactivity when reacting with alkanes?
Which halogen has the highest reactivity when reacting with alkanes?
The bonds in alkanes are long and weak, making them reactive.
The bonds in alkanes are long and weak, making them reactive.
A carbon attached to two other carbons is considered a quaternary carbon.
A carbon attached to two other carbons is considered a quaternary carbon.
What is the order of reactivity for halogens with alkanes?
What is the order of reactivity for halogens with alkanes?
What is the formula for an alkyl group?
What is the formula for an alkyl group?
A carbon bonded to a functional group must have the ______ possible carbon number.
A carbon bonded to a functional group must have the ______ possible carbon number.
Match the following carbon types with their definitions:
Match the following carbon types with their definitions:
Which of the following groups are alphabetized under 'b'?
Which of the following groups are alphabetized under 'b'?
The IUPAC name should always be written as separate words.
The IUPAC name should always be written as separate words.
According to IUPAC naming rules, how are numbers in the name separated?
According to IUPAC naming rules, how are numbers in the name separated?
What is produced when the Cl-Cl bond of elemental chlorine undergoes hemolysis?
What is produced when the Cl-Cl bond of elemental chlorine undergoes hemolysis?
The propagation step in radical reactions generates new products without regenerating chlorine atoms.
The propagation step in radical reactions generates new products without regenerating chlorine atoms.
What is formed when a chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane?
What is formed when a chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane?
Termination occurs when a chlorine atom reacts with another chlorine atom to generate ______.
Termination occurs when a chlorine atom reacts with another chlorine atom to generate ______.
Which agents are primarily used in the nitration and sulphenation of alkanes?
Which agents are primarily used in the nitration and sulphenation of alkanes?
Pyrolysis is the process of burning a compound in the presence of air.
Pyrolysis is the process of burning a compound in the presence of air.
Name one by-product produced from the reaction of two methyl radicals.
Name one by-product produced from the reaction of two methyl radicals.
Match the following reactions with their definitions:
Match the following reactions with their definitions:
What is the process called that converts straight-chain alkanes into branched chain isomers?
What is the process called that converts straight-chain alkanes into branched chain isomers?
The general molecular formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n.
The general molecular formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n.
Name a catalyst that can be used in the isomerisation of hexane to produce 2 and 3-methyl pentane.
Name a catalyst that can be used in the isomerisation of hexane to produce 2 and 3-methyl pentane.
The conversion of aliphatic compounds into aromatic compounds is known as __________.
The conversion of aliphatic compounds into aromatic compounds is known as __________.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following is true regarding cycloalkanes?
Which of the following is true regarding cycloalkanes?
Cycloalkanes require less hydrogen than their acyclic counterparts.
Cycloalkanes require less hydrogen than their acyclic counterparts.
Cycloalkanes are named by adding the prefix 'cyclo' to the name of the _____ that has the same number of carbon atoms as in the ring.
Cycloalkanes are named by adding the prefix 'cyclo' to the name of the _____ that has the same number of carbon atoms as in the ring.
Study Notes
Carbon Classification
- Primary carbon: Attached to one other carbon.
- Secondary carbon: Attached to two other carbons.
- Tertiary carbon: Attached to three other carbons.
- Quaternary carbon: Attached to four other carbons.
Alkyl Groups
- Formed by removing one hydrogen from an alkane, represented by formula CnH2n+1.
- Naming convention changes -ane to -yl upon removal of hydrogen.
IUPAC Naming Rules
- Selection of Parent Chain: Longest carbon chain with functional group.
- Numbering the Chain: Carbon with functional group receives the lowest number; in absence, lowest number assigned to substituents.
- Alphabetical Order: Substituents ordered alphabetically; sec- and tert-butyl under "b", isobutyl and isopropyl under "i".
- Nomenclature Grammar:
- Single word format, with exceptions.
- Use commas to separate numbers.
- Hyphens separate numbers and letters.
- Same type of substituents prefixed with di-, tri-, etc.
Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Colorless and less dense than water.
- More soluble in non-polar solvents; insoluble in water.
- Melting and boiling points increase with chain length.
- First four alkanes are gases; next thirteen are liquids; higher members are waxy solids.
Isomerism in Alkanes
- Isomers: Same molecular formula, different structures.
- First three hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane) do not exhibit isomerism.
- Butane has two isomers (straight and branched).
- Higher hydrocarbons show increasing numbers of isomers (e.g., pentane has 3, hexane has 5).
Methods of Preparation for Alkanes
- From alkenes and alkynes.
- From alkyl halides.
- From carboxylic acids.
- Electrolysis of carboxylic acid salts (Kolbe's method).
Chemical Reactions of Alkanes
- Alkanes are stable; mainly undergo substitution reactions.
- Substitution Reaction (Halogenation): Alkane reacts with halogens in UV light, forming halogenated alkanes through radical mechanisms.
- Mechanism Steps:
- Initiation: Halogen bond breaks into radicals.
- Propagation: Radicals abstract hydrogen or halogen from alkanes.
- Termination: Reaction ends when radicals combine or form stable products.
- Mechanism Steps:
Other Reactions
- Nitration and Sulphenation: Radical mechanisms producing mixtures of nitrated or sulfonated alkanes.
- Thermal & Catalytic Reactions:
- Pyrolysis (Cracking): Breakdown of alkanes into smaller portions through heat without air.
- Isomerisation: Conversion of straight chains to branched isomers under specific conditions.
- Aromatisation: High-pressure and temperature conversion of alkanes (6-10 carbons) to aromatic compounds.
Cycloalkanes
- Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in a ring.
- General formula: CnH2n, having two fewer hydrogens than linear alkanes.
- Nomenclature: Prefix "cyclo" added to alkane name with the same number of carbons.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz focuses on the classification of carbon types, the formation and naming of alkyl groups, and the IUPAC naming rules in organic chemistry. Test your understanding of functional groups, parent chain selection, and nomenclature grammar. Perfect for students studying organic chemistry concepts.
