Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules
13 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the study of carbon known as?

Organic Chemistry

Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule?

  • Lipids
  • Glucose (correct)
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates

    • All life forms share similar basic molecules.

    True

    What do lipids primarily serve as in biological systems?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymers are broken down during ______ reactions.

    <p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is a type of protein found in plant cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of carbohydrates with their functions:

    <p>Monosaccharides = Simple sugars used for energy Disaccharides = Two sugar units Oligosaccharides = 2-10 sugar units Polysaccharides = More than 10 sugar units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

    <p>Information storage and transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fats?

    <p>Contains more hydrogen than unsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of triglycerides?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High fructose corn syrup is linked to health issues such as obesity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is formed when fructose and glucose combine?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Chemistry

    • Organic compounds are molecules primarily composed of carbon.
    • Carbon is abundant on Earth and forms covalent bonds easily, enabling diverse structures.
    • August Kekulé is credited with pioneering the understanding of organic chemistry.

    Macromolecules

    • Macromolecules are large organic molecules crucial for biological processes.
    • They are formed by linking smaller units called monomers.
    • Monomers are easily assembled, transported, and broken down.
    • Polymers are long chains of covalently bonded monomers, enabling complex chemical reactions necessary for life.

    Biochemical Unity

    • Despite the vast diversity of life (2 million species), all organisms share fundamental molecules.
    • Albert Jan Kluijver discovered the concept of biochemical unity.

    Biopolymers

    • Carbohydrates: Primarily function in energy storage (short and long-term) and structural support.
    • Lipids: Serve as long-term energy storage, hormones, and structural components.
    • Proteins: Involved in manufacturing, hormonal functions, and structural support.
    • Nucleic Acids: Store and transfer genetic information, synthesize proteins, and facilitate energy transfer.

    Dehydration and Hydrolysis

    • Dehydration: Polymers are built by joining monomers, releasing water.
    • Hydrolysis: Polymers are broken down into monomers by adding water.

    Carbohydrates (Sugars)

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
    • Function in energy storage and release through their bonds, and as structural components.
    • Types:
      • Monosaccharides: Simple sugar monomers.
      • Disaccharides: Polymers of two sugars.
      • Oligosaccharides: Polymers of 2-10 sugars.
      • Polysaccharides: Polymers of more than 10 sugars (e.g., starch, cellulose).
    • Common Sugars:
      • Fructose: Found in honey and fruits.
      • Glucose: Primary energy source for cells.
      • High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS-55): A prevalent dietary sweetener, linked to obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes mellitus.

    Polysaccharides

    • Sucrose (Table Sugar):
      • Composed of fructose and glucose.
      • Major sources: sugarcane, sugar beet, palmyra palm, and coconut palm.
    • Maltose:
      • Two glucose molecules.
      • Found in grains (barley, wheat, corn, sorghum, and rye) and alcoholic beverages.
    • Lactose:
      • Disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose.
      • Found in milk and dairy products.
      • Lactose intolerance leads to flatulence, bloating, nausea, and diarrhea.
      • Genetic tolerance varies (75% of white populations are tolerant, while 90% of ethnic groups are intolerant).
    • Polysaccharides in Plants & Algae:
      • Starch: Energy storage in plants, primarily composed of amylopectin with 10-20% amylose.
      • Cellulose: Structural component of plant and algal cells, the most abundant polymer on Earth, used in textiles like cotton, rayon, and cellophane.
    • Polysaccharides in Animals & Fungi:
      • Chitin: Forms cell walls of fungi, shells of arthropods, and mouth parts of mollusks.
      • Second most common polymer on Earth.
      • Industrial uses: water purification, food and drug thickener, laboratory membranes, dye and fabric binder, paper size and strength enhancer, biodegradable surgical sutures.

    Important Industrial Polysaccharides

    • Guar Gum:
      • Composed of galactose and mannose.
      • Applications in petroleum and natural gas drilling, food processing, weapons, cosmetics, and livestock feed.
      • A key component of the Indian economy, with 200,000 tons harvested annually.
    • Agar:
      • Derived from red algae.
      • Used in dairy desserts, dental impressions, and as a growth medium for bacteria.

    Glycosides

    • Sugars bound to another reactive molecule.
    • Produced by plants as protective chemicals, used in medicines, poisons, and spices.

    Lipids

    • Include fats, waxes, and oils.
    • Mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons).
    • Functions: energy storage, cellular structure, communication, insulation, and protection.
    • Lipids are Critically Important:
      • Hormones: Long-distance chemical messengers.
      • Napalm: Can be used as a weapon.
      • Vitamins A, D, E, and K: Essential for human diets.
      • Stimulate food cravings.
      • Vital for nervous, immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems.
      • Mostly obtained from meat, but also from coconuts, avocados, olives, and nuts.
    • Steroids:
      • Lipids with a specific structure, containing 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings.
      • Derived from cholesterol.
    • Triglycerides:
      • Consist of three hydrocarbon chains.
      • The main constituents of vegetable oils and animal fats.
      • Form cellular borders.

    Chain Lipid Saturation

    • Saturated vs. Unsaturated:
      • Saturated: No double bonds between carbon atoms, solid at room temperature.
      • Unsaturated: Contain double bonds between carbon atoms, liquid at room temperature.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Study Guide: The Molecules of Life PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of organic chemistry, including the structure and function of macromolecules such as carbohydrates and lipids. Understand the concepts of biochemical unity and the roles of biopolymers in living organisms. Dive into the work of pioneers in the field and gain insights into the chemistry that underpins life.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser