Organic Chemistry ACS Final Exam Flashcards
50 Questions
100 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a ketone?

What is an aldehyde?

What is a carboxylic acid?

What is an ester?

Signup and view all the answers

What is an amide?

Signup and view all the answers

What is an anhydride?

Signup and view all the answers

What is an amine?

Signup and view all the answers

What is an ether?

Signup and view all the answers

What are constitutional isomers?

<p>Same formula, different connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stereoisomers?

<p>Same formula, different spatial arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are enantiomers?

<p>Non-superimposable mirror images</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are diastereomers?

<p>Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is R configuration?

<p>Clockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is S configuration?

<p>Counter clockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group does a peptide bond contain?

<p>Amide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group does a lipid contain?

<p>Esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional groups do amino acids contain?

<p>Aromatic rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a meso compound?

<p>A molecule with multiple stereo centers that is superimposable on its mirror image</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the NO2 prefix?

<p>Nitro</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the CH=CH2 prefix?

<p>Vinyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the CH2CH=CH2 prefix?

<p>Allyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phenol?

Signup and view all the answers

What is benzoic acid?

Signup and view all the answers

What is aniline?

Signup and view all the answers

What is toluene?

Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of disubstituted benzenes?

<p>Ortho-1,2, Meta-1,3, Para-1,4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is benzene?

Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stability as you increase heat of combustion?

<p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Carbon 13 NMR resonances for different compounds?

<p>0-80 sp3C, 125-150 aromatic, 160-180 esters/acids, 200-220 aldehydes/ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are H 1 NMR resonances for different compounds?

<p>0.9-1.5 sp3 C, 2-2.5 allylic H, 3-4.5 O-CH3, 4.5-6.5 vinylic, 7-8.5 aromatic, 10 aldehyde, 10-12 carboxylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are IR resonances for different functional groups?

<p>3400 OH and NH, 3100-3000 sp2 C, 2100 triple bonds, 1700 ketones, 1600 C=C, aromatic C-C, 1500 aromatic C-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between phenyl and benzyl?

<p>Benzyl has CH2 in between the ring and the substituted chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle for sp2 hybridized atoms?

<p>109.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two key things to remember in Lewis structures?

<ol> <li>Filled octets; 2. Electronegative atom has negative charge</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

If a ring has a charge, then it is ____

<p>aromatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a strong acid correspond to?

<p>A weak base</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a double bond right next to an acidic H mean?

<p>It is more acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a low pKa value indicate?

<p>More acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hybridization relate to acidity?

<p>The more s character it is, the more acidic; sp&gt;sp2&gt;sp3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will a hydrogen next to an electronegative atom always be?

<p>More acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you determine if molecules are meso isomers?

<p>Needs to be chiral and needs to have a plane of symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you find the most stable Newman projection?

<p>It will have less gauche interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are wedges and dashes in Fischer projections?

<p>Horizontal-wedge; vertical-dash</p> Signup and view all the answers

If only one stereocenter is flipped in a molecule, they are...

<p>Diastereomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do racemic mixtures get plane polarized light?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do meso compounds get plane polarized light?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can triple bonds not do stereoisomerically?

<p>Exhibit cis or trans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can an enantiomer not have?

<p>A plane of symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens with a dehydrohalogenation reaction?

<p>H wants to attack and form a double bond to increase stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

A strong acid corresponds to a ________ nucleophile

<p>Weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Groups

  • Ketone: An organic compound characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
  • Aldehyde: Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain, making it highly reactive.
  • Carboxylic Acid: Contains a carboxyl group (-COOH), and is known for its acidic properties.
  • Ester: Formed from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid; commonly found in fats and oils.
  • Amide: Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a nitrogen atom; formed from the condensation of an amine and a carboxylic acid.
  • Anhydride: Formed from two carboxylic acids by the removal of water; frequently used in organic synthesis.
  • Amine: Contains a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups; classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
  • Ether: Organic compounds with an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.

Isomerism

  • Constitutional Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms.
  • Stereoisomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different spatial arrangements of atoms.
  • Enantiomers: Type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
  • Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images; often have different physical properties.

Configuration

  • R Configuration: Clockwise arrangement of substituents around a chiral center.
  • S Configuration: Counterclockwise arrangement of substituents around a chiral center.

Peptide Bond and Lipids

  • Peptide Bond: Contains an amide functional group, linking amino acids in proteins.
  • Lipids: Composed mainly of ester functional groups, important for storing energy.

Amino Acids

  • Amino acids commonly contain aromatic rings which contribute to their chemical properties.

Meso Compound

  • Contains multiple stereocenters but is superimposable on its mirror image due to internal symmetry.

Common Prefixes

  • NO2: Nitro
  • CH=CH2: Vinyl
  • CH2CH=CH2: Allyl

Aromatic Compounds

  • Phenol: A benzene ring with a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
  • Benzoic Acid: An aromatic carboxylic acid with a carboxyl group attached to a benzene.
  • Aniline: An aromatic amine, comprising a benzene ring and an amino group.

Benzene Derivatives

  • Three types of disubstituted benzenes are ortho (1,2), meta (1,3), and para (1,4).

Stability and Energy

  • Stability decreases as the heat of combustion increases; more stable compounds release less energy upon combustion.

NMR Spectroscopy

  • Carbon-13 NMR Resonances:

    • 0-80: sp3 Hybridized Carbon
    • 125-150: Aromatic
    • 160-180: Esters/Acids
    • 200-220: Aldehydes/Ketones

  • Proton NMR Resonances:

    • 0.9-1.5: sp3 Carbon
    • 2-2.5: Allylic Hydrogen
    • 3-4.5: O-CH3
    • 4.5-6.5: Vinylic Hydrogen
    • 7-8.5: Aromatic Hydrogen
    • 10: Aldehyde
    • 10-12: Carboxylic Acid

  • Infrared (IR) Resonances:

    • 3400: OH and NH
    • 3100-3000: sp2 Carbon
    • 2100: Triple Bonds
    • 1700: Ketones
    • 1600: C=C, Aromatic C-C
    • 1500: Aromatic C-C

Additional Concepts

  • Phenyl vs. Benzyl: Benzyl includes a -CH2- group linking the benzene ring to another substituent.
  • Hybridization: The bond angle for sp2 hybridized carbon is approximately 120 degrees.
  • Lewis Structures: Focus on achieving filled octets and placing negative charges on electronegative atoms.
  • Aromatic rings with charges indicate increased aromaticity.
  • A strong acid correlates with a weak base and indicates higher acidity associated with lower pKa values.
  • Hybridization affects acidity; more s character in hybridized orbitals leads to greater acidity.

Stereochemistry

  • Meso compounds do not rotate plane-polarized light due to symmetry.
  • Racemic mixtures do not rotate plane-polarized light as well; they contain equal amounts of enantiomers.
  • A hydrogen next to an electronegative atom is typically more acidic.
  • Dehydrohalogenation generally results in the formation of double bonds to increase compound stability.
  • Syn addition occurs when two substituents add to the same face of a double bond, while anti addition occurs on opposite faces.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Prepare for your ACS final exam in organic chemistry with these essential flashcards. Cover important functional groups, definitions, and key concepts in the subject. Perfect for quick revision and mastering organic chemistry terminology.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser