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Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly pairs a receptor type with its primary stimulus?
Which of the following correctly pairs a receptor type with its primary stimulus?
- Electroreceptors: Physical touch
- Photoreceptors: Electrical energy
- Electroreceptors: Light
- Mechanoreceptors: Pressure (correct)
If the hypothalamus detects a decrease in body temperature, what response would it most likely trigger?
If the hypothalamus detects a decrease in body temperature, what response would it most likely trigger?
- Decreased thirst
- Shivering (correct)
- Increased sweat production
- Reduced heart rate
Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for coordinating movements and maintaining balance?
Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for coordinating movements and maintaining balance?
- Medulla Oblongata
- Hypothalamus
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum (correct)
Which process primarily ensures the maintenance of a stable internal environment in response to changing external conditions?
Which process primarily ensures the maintenance of a stable internal environment in response to changing external conditions?
Which of the following is an example of a function NOT directly regulated by the medulla oblongata?
Which of the following is an example of a function NOT directly regulated by the medulla oblongata?
Which of the following systems primarily facilitates the acquisition of materials and energy in the form of food?
Which of the following systems primarily facilitates the acquisition of materials and energy in the form of food?
Which two organ systems work in conjunction to maintain body shape?
Which two organ systems work in conjunction to maintain body shape?
A plant physiologist is studying a newly discovered plant species. They observe that a certain chemical, produced in the leaves, triggers fruit ripening in a distant part of the plant. Which of the following best describes the nature of this chemical?
A plant physiologist is studying a newly discovered plant species. They observe that a certain chemical, produced in the leaves, triggers fruit ripening in a distant part of the plant. Which of the following best describes the nature of this chemical?
If a toxin impaired the function of the lymphatic system, which of the following bodily processes would be MOST directly affected?
If a toxin impaired the function of the lymphatic system, which of the following bodily processes would be MOST directly affected?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Which reproductive method exclusively belongs to plants and is not observed in animals?
Which reproductive method exclusively belongs to plants and is not observed in animals?
During copulation, what is the primary role of the female reproductive tract regarding sperm?
During copulation, what is the primary role of the female reproductive tract regarding sperm?
Which function is NOT a role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
Which function is NOT a role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
How do the nervous and endocrine systems coordinate to maintain homeostasis?
How do the nervous and endocrine systems coordinate to maintain homeostasis?
If someone is startled by a loud noise, which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for the immediate 'fight or flight' response?
If someone is startled by a loud noise, which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for the immediate 'fight or flight' response?
Which of the following actions is primarily controlled by the somatic nervous system?
Which of the following actions is primarily controlled by the somatic nervous system?
Why do plants typically respond slower to external stimuli compared to animals?
Why do plants typically respond slower to external stimuli compared to animals?
Which type of receptor is primarily involved in sensing gravity?
Which type of receptor is primarily involved in sensing gravity?
A plant experiencing drought stress is likely to exhibit an increased production of which hormone?
A plant experiencing drought stress is likely to exhibit an increased production of which hormone?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting fruit ripening?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting fruit ripening?
If a plant's lateral buds are exhibiting accelerated growth, which hormone is likely present in higher concentrations?
If a plant's lateral buds are exhibiting accelerated growth, which hormone is likely present in higher concentrations?
A seed fails to germinate even under favorable conditions. Which hormonal imbalance might be the cause?
A seed fails to germinate even under favorable conditions. Which hormonal imbalance might be the cause?
What is the primary mechanism of transport for ethylene throughout a plant?
What is the primary mechanism of transport for ethylene throughout a plant?
Apical dominance, where the central stem of a plant is dominant over lateral stems, is primarily maintained by which hormone?
Apical dominance, where the central stem of a plant is dominant over lateral stems, is primarily maintained by which hormone?
Which of the following plant responses is least likely to be mediated by Gibberellins?
Which of the following plant responses is least likely to be mediated by Gibberellins?
A plant species relies primarily on wind for pollination. Which characteristic would be LEAST likely to be observed in this plant?
A plant species relies primarily on wind for pollination. Which characteristic would be LEAST likely to be observed in this plant?
A scientist discovers a mutant plant that does not exhibit phototropism. Which hormone is most likely affected in this mutant?
A scientist discovers a mutant plant that does not exhibit phototropism. Which hormone is most likely affected in this mutant?
A researcher is studying leaf senescence in deciduous trees. Which hormone would likely show increased activity just before leaf abscission?
A researcher is studying leaf senescence in deciduous trees. Which hormone would likely show increased activity just before leaf abscission?
A researcher discovers a new plant species that can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Under which environmental condition would asexual reproduction be MOST advantageous for this plant?
A researcher discovers a new plant species that can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Under which environmental condition would asexual reproduction be MOST advantageous for this plant?
How does Ophyrys Kotschyi enhance its reproductive success?
How does Ophyrys Kotschyi enhance its reproductive success?
Which of the following hormones are transported via both xylem and phloem?
Which of the following hormones are transported via both xylem and phloem?
In animal reproduction, what is the main purpose of courtship behaviors like a male singing for females?
In animal reproduction, what is the main purpose of courtship behaviors like a male singing for females?
What advantage does sexual reproduction provide over asexual reproduction in a changing environment?
What advantage does sexual reproduction provide over asexual reproduction in a changing environment?
Many plants cannot self-pollinate. What is the MOST likely evolutionary advantage of cross-pollination over self-pollination?
Many plants cannot self-pollinate. What is the MOST likely evolutionary advantage of cross-pollination over self-pollination?
If a plant species relies solely on self-pollination for reproduction, what potential disadvantage might it face compared to species that cross-pollinate?
If a plant species relies solely on self-pollination for reproduction, what potential disadvantage might it face compared to species that cross-pollinate?
A farmer notices that a particular apple tree in their orchard consistently produces high-quality fruit. To rapidly propagate this desirable trait, which method of reproduction would be MOST effective?
A farmer notices that a particular apple tree in their orchard consistently produces high-quality fruit. To rapidly propagate this desirable trait, which method of reproduction would be MOST effective?
Flashcards
Digestive System
Digestive System
Organ system that breaks down food to acquire materials and energy.
Muscular System
Muscular System
Organ system responsible for body movement and maintaining body shape.
Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Organ system that provides support and structure to the body.
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Plant Hormones
Plant Hormones
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Reproduction
Reproduction
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Plant Behavior in Reproduction
Plant Behavior in Reproduction
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Pollination
Pollination
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Self-Pollination
Self-Pollination
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Cross-Pollination
Cross-Pollination
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Asexual plant reproduction
Asexual plant reproduction
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Vegetative propagation
Vegetative propagation
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Apomixis
Apomixis
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Mechanoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
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Electroreceptors
Electroreceptors
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
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Auxins
Auxins
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Phototropism
Phototropism
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Gravitropism
Gravitropism
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Thigmotropism
Thigmotropism
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Cytokinins
Cytokinins
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Ethylene
Ethylene
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Abscission
Abscission
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Gibberellins
Gibberellins
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Dormancy
Dormancy
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Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Nervous System
Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Study Notes
- Life processes are carried out by organ systems
Organ System Functions
- Digestive system acquires materials and energy from food
- Endocrine and nervous systems coordinate body activities
- Digestive and urinary systems eliminate wastes
- Respiratory system exchanges gases
- Muscular and skeletal systems maintain body shape
- Reproductive system produces offspring
- Immune and lymphatic systems protect the body from pathogens
- Cardiovascular system transports materials
Plant Hormones
- Hormones regulate plant growth, flowering, fruit development, senescence, and responses to environmental changes
- Hormones are synthesized in small quantities and transported to stimulate or inhibit responses in target cells
Classic Five Plant Hormones
Abscisic Acid
- Synthesized mainly in mature leaves of plants under drought or freezing stress
- Transport occurs in xylem and phloem
- Action: inhibits shoot growth, maintains bud and seed dormancy, and stimulates stomata closure
Auxins
- Synthesized in shoot apical meristems, developing leaves, and fruits
- Transport occurs via diffusion between parenchyma cells with vascular tissue
- Action: promotes leaf, flower, and fruit abscission, stimulates cell elongation in stems, and controls phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism, suppresses growth of lateral buds
Cytokinin
- Synthesized in root apical meristems
- Transport occurs in xylem
- Action: stimulates cell division in seeds, roots, young leaves, and fruits, delays leaf senescence stimulates growth in lateral buds
Ethylene
- Synthesized in all parts of the plant, especially under stress, aging, or ripening
- Transport occurs via diffusion as a gas – Action: hastens fruit ripening, stimulates leaf and flower senescence, and stimulates leaf and fruit abscission
Gibberellin
- Synthesized in young shoots and developing seeds
- Transport occurs in xylem and pholem
- Action: participates in thigmotropism, stimulates cell division and elongation in roots, shoots, and young leaves, and breaks seed dormancy
Plant vs Animal Sexual Reproduction
- Plant reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life
- Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are reproduced from thier parents
Plant Reproduction
- Plants use bright colors to attract insects
- Some plants mimic the shape of bees to attract insects
Animal Reproduction
- Animals use "males thinging for females" inclusive fitness
- Courtship pheromones and ultrasound are used by males to attract females
Method of Fertilization
- Plants use a vector to transmit sex cells
- Animals use sexual intercourse between two sex cells
- Male spermatozoa and oocyte meet during sexual intercourse
Method of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction does not involve gametes
- Sexual Reproduction uses both male and female gametes
- Plant Example: Plants can reproduce asexually (e.g., budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation)
- Animal Example: Animals cannot reproduce asexually
Plant Reproduction Structures
- Plants have flowers as reproductive structures
- Pollination transfers pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same or another flower
- Self-pollination occurs when pollen is deposited on the stigma of the same flower
- Cross-pollination transfers pollen from one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same species
- Pollination is possible through birds, insects, and wind
Plant Reproduction
- Plants propagate without the union of gametes through asexual reproduction
- Vegetative propagation involves using non-reproductive tissues like stem, leaf, or root to reproduce new plants which includes stolons, bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, corms and suckers
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals
- Both plants and animals reproduce sexually involving male and female gametes
- Plants can reproduce asexually, but animals cannot
The Nervous System
- The nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) regulates body activities using electrical signals
- The endocrine system (glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid) controls body functions through hormones
- Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis by adjusting body responses to internal and external changes.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic nervous system controls the "rest and digest" functions, promoting relaxation and energy conservation.
- The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for triggering the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for emergency situations
Plant Responses vs Animal Responses
- Animals react quickly to external stimuli using rapid electrical impulses transmitted by the nervous system (sensory and motor neurons)
- Plants respond slowly to stimuli like light through phototropism (growth toward or away from light, regulated by hormones like auxins). Plants do not have a nervous system or electrical impulses for fast responses.
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Description
Overview of organ system functions including digestive, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, and more. Plant hormones regulate growth, flowering and responses to environmental change. Abscisic Acid inhibits shoot growth and maintains bud and seed dormancy.
