Oral Pathology Quiz: Herpes & Candidiasis
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Questions and Answers

Which location is most commonly associated with the occurrence of dysplastic lesions?

  • Upper lip
  • Lateral border of the tongue (correct)
  • Cheeks
  • Lower lip

    • Which characteristic is NOT associated with a malignant ulcer?

  • Doesn't resolve on its own
  • Irregular raised border
  • Painless (correct)
  • Lumps in cervical lymph nodes

    • Which of the following statements is true about pyogenic granuloma?

  • It is caused exclusively by bacterial infections
  • It is always painful
  • It resolves spontaneously
  • Biopsy is needed for diagnosis (correct)

    • What is a distinguishing feature of an HSV ulcer compared to an aphthous ulcer?

    <p>Associated with vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does an HSV ulcer typically take to resolve in healthy individuals?

    <p>7 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common treatment required for a malignant ulcer that is not seen in other types of ulcers?

    <p>Surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an aphthous ulcer?

    <p>Painful and resolves on its own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of biopsy necessity, how do dysplastic and malignant ulcers differ?

    <p>Only malignant ulcers require biopsy for diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the virus causing herpes simplex?

    <p>It is a neurotropic virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a lesion that covers the entire oral cavity and appears red?

    <p>Erythroplakia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates an active Candida infection?

    <p>Presence of Candida hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the PAS stain in pathology?

    <p>It helps identify changes in squamous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of HSV ulcers?

    <p>They are associated with vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient has a white lesion on the tongue that cannot be removed and is a smoker, what is the likely diagnosis?

    <p>Leukoplakia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of Sjogren's syndrome?

    <p>Increased risk of lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates mumps-related swelling from tumors?

    <p>Mumps swelling is associated with pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fibrous epulis is true?

    <p>It is a benign tumor of the gum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of pseudomembrane associated with Candida infections?

    <p>It is made of squamous cells covered by fungal structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of recurrent ulcers, which condition is noted for causing painful lesions?

    <p>HSV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a tooth with an irregular surface potentially due to Candida?

    <p>Candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

    <p>It can present as an endophytic mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a pyogenic granuloma typically differ from other lesions?

    <p>It has a color that is lighter than surrounding tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is more commonly diagnosed in females over the age of 40?

    <p>Sjogren's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does mumps have on male children?

    <p>It causes infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes exophytic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from other types?

    <p>Irregular border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)?

    <p>Choking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What investigation method helps confirm the placement of a nasogastric (NG) tube?

    <p>Negative vacuum test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does atresia refer to in medical terminology?

    <p>Abnormal closure or absence of a passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of high amniotic fluid observed in ultrasound before birth?

    <p>Inability of the child to drink due to pure atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major macromolecular component of mucus?

    <p>Mucin glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be suggested if a young patient presents with painful swelling that appeared in a few days?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is often linked to the irritation of certain tumors?

    <p>Changes in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of the myxoid stroma in pathology?

    <p>Presence of elongated nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition requires surgical intervention due to its transmural nature?

    <p>Boerhaave syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with cirrhosis that affects esophageal veins?

    <p>Hematemesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the progression to dysplasia, what is defined as more than 4 layers of basal cell hyperplasia?

    <p>Barrett's esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily associated with the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Obesity and Barrett's esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TNF-∝ released by cancer cells cause in patients with esophageal and oral cancers?

    <p>Muscle wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change involves the stomach protruding through the diaphragm?

    <p>Hiatal hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classic symptom of dysphagia found in esophageal cancer patients?

    <p>Difficulty swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Herpes Simplex

    • Herpes simplex is a neurotropic virus.
    • It travels to the nerve root and has a dermatomal distribution.

    Candidiasis

    • Pseudomembrane is composed of squamous cells of the oral cavity covered by fungal structures and hyphae.
    • Periodic Acid Shift (PAS) stain can help identify Candida.
    • Candida spores are the inactive form.
    • Candida hyphae is the active form.
    • Leukoplakia is a white lesion covering the tongue with characteristics:
      • Cannot be removed.
      • Patient is a smoker.
    • Erythroplakia is seen when the entire oral cavity is red.

    Fibrous Epulis

    • Occurs on the lateral borders of the tongue commonly.
    • Rare on the upper lip.
    • Common on the lower lip.
    • Factors that can contribute to Fibrous Epulis:
      • Pregnancy hormones (progesterone).
      • Trauma.
      • Staphylococcus infection.

    Differentiating Ulcers

    • Differentiate between aphthous ulcers, malignant ulcers, and HSV ulcers.

    Aphthous Ulcers

    • Have a normal, erythematous, regular border.
    • Not very prominent.
    • Resolves on its own.
    • Recurrent.
    • Painful.

    Malignant Ulcers

    • Have an irregular, raised border.
    • May have lumps in the cervical lymph nodes indicating metastasis.
    • Imaging should be done for staging.
    • Does not resolve on its own.
    • Painless.
    • Requires biopsy.

    HSV Ulcers

    • Associated with vesicles.
    • Resolves in 7-10 days, except in immunocompromised individuals.
    • Recurrent.

    Sjogren's Syndrome

    • Can cause dry eyes and mouth.
    • More common in women over 40.
    • It is an autoimmune disorder.
    • Complications include:
      • Antidepressants.
      • Antihistamines.

    Mumps

    • Can lead to infertility in male children.
    • Painful swelling helps differentiate it from tumors.

    Torulopsis

    • A yeast-like fungal organism.
    • Often found in the mouth and throat.
    • Can cause infections in people with weakened immune systems.

    Granuloma

    • A mass of inflammatory tissue.
    • Can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, trauma, and autoimmune disease.

    Pyogenic Granuloma

    • A type of granuloma that is typically red in color and bleeds easily.
    • Commonly found in the mouth, but can occur elsewhere.
    • Benign but can be surgically removed in some cases.

    Exophytic SCC

    • A type of squamous cell carcinoma that grows outward from the surface of the skin or mucous membranes.
    • Can be distinguished from other lesions based on its irregular border.

    Mucous Membrane

    • The lining of the internal organs.
    • Can be affected by various conditions.
    • Affected by:
      • Fluctuation upon pressing.
      • Changes in size after being irritated by meals.

    Salivary Gland Tumours

    • Young patients:
      • Appear in few days.
      • Painful swelling.
      • Suggests a viral infection.
    • Old patients:
      • Slow growing.
      • Painless.
      • Suggests a tumor.

    Epithelial Myoepithelial Tumours

    • Comprise two types:
      • Epithelial.
      • Myoepithelial.
    • Myxoid Stroma:
      • Distinctive characteristic of these tumors.
      • Characterized by elongate nuclei in a basophilic background.

    Mucus

    • The major macromolecular components of mucus are the mucin glycoproteins.

    Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

    • Atresia is the absence or abnormal closure of an orifice or passage.
    • Fistula is an abnormal opening between two hollow organs.
    • TEF can cause:
      • Immediately throwing food up.
      • Weight loss.
      • Chocking.
    • Investigations include:
      • NG tube:
        • Confirm placement via negative vacuum.
        • Confirm placement by pushing air and hearing it with a stethoscope.
      • X-ray.
      • Ultrasound (pre-birth):
        • Can detect high amounts of amniotic fluid.

    Esophageal Varices

    • Caused by cirrhosis of the liver.
    • Scar tissue in the liver increases pressure on the liver veins, causing backflow.
    • Backflow causes pressure on the esophageal veins.
    • Symptoms include:
      • Melena (black, tarry stool).
      • Hematemesis (vomiting blood).
      • Jaundice.
      • High alcohol intake.
      • Forceful vomiting after alcohol intake.

    Boerhaave Syndrome

    • A transmural (full-thickness) tear in the esophagus.
    • Requires immediate surgical intervention.

    Candida

    • Yeast-like fungus.
    • Seen in two forms:
      • Budding yeast (inactive).
      • Pseudohyphae (active infection).

    Hiatal Hernia

    • Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm opening.
    • Can be caused by:
      • Pregnancy.
      • Obesity.
      • Enlarged diaphragm opening due to age or congenital factors.

    Barrett's Esophagus

    • Basal cell hyperplasia (more than four layers).
    • Connective tissue elongation into the upper one-third of the epithelium.
    • Epithelium becomes columnar with goblet cells.
    • 95% of adenocarcinomas originate from Barrett's esophagus.
    • Other causes of adenocarcinoma may be due to smoking.

    Esophageal and Oral Cancers

    • Patients may experience:
      • Weight loss.
      • Loss of appetite.
      • Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).
    • TNF-α released by cancer cells can cause muscle wasting.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in oral pathology, focusing on conditions such as herpes simplex, candidiasis, and fibrous epulis. It also includes details on differentiating ulcers, including aphthous and malignant ulcers. Test your knowledge of symptoms, causes, and identification methods for these oral diseases.

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