Oral Communication Overview

Communication Overview

• Involves sharing and conveying messages across various channels, contexts, media, and culture.
• Information is exchanged through symbols, signs, and behaviors.
• Communication is dynamic, constantly in motion and evolving.

Nature of Communication (SPS)

• Systematic: Organized structure consisting of interdependent components.
• Proactive: Engages in assessing message content, purpose, and speaker credibility.
• Symbolic: Utilizes representations such as words, pictures, gestures, and more.

Elements of Communication (SMECRDF)

• Sender: Initiator of the message that needs to be conveyed.
• Message: Content intended for communication, expressed in words.
• Encoding: Transformation of ideas into an appropriate medium.
• Channel: Medium of communication (e.g., face-to-face, phone, radio, TV).
• Receiver: Individual meant to receive the message.
• Decoding: Process of interpreting the message for comprehension.
• Feedback: Response provided by the receiver after receiving the message.

Models of Communication

• Linear Model: Sequential process focusing on transmission.

  • Aristotelian Model: Emphasizes speaker, message, and receiver; includes persuasion modes: Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotion), Logos (logic).
  • Laswell’s Model: Outlines communication as info transfer, identifying who, what, to whom, and with what effect; incorporates channels.
  • Shannon and Weaver Model: Focuses on sources, transmitters, and receivers; recognizes 'noise' as interference disrupting communication.
  • Berlo’s Model: Involves source, message, channel, and receiver; highlights influence of communication skills and culture on both source and receiver.

• Interactive Model: Considers communication as proactive with feedback mechanisms.

  • Schramm’s Model: Cyclical approach where both parties act as encoders and decoders, requiring common background knowledge.

• Transactional Model: Recognizes simultaneous information exchange by both parties.

  • Wood’s Model: Labels participants as communicators, emphasizing active participation.

Purposes of Communication (IEP)

• Information: Transmit knowledge effectively; ensure message retention.
• Entertainment: Evoke positive emotions through humor, stories, or drama.
• Persuasion: Influence or motivate people to take action.

Functions of Communication (CMEIS)

• Control: Regulates behavior within organizations or among individuals.
• Motivation: Encourages shifts in opinions and behaviors through praise or critique.
• Emotional Expression: Communicates feelings such as love, fear, and joy.
• Information: Facilitate the exchange of knowledge.
• Social Interaction: Engages in bonding and expressing needs or decisions.

Modes of Communication

• Non-Verbal (CHOPKO): Encompasses communication not reliant on words.

  • Chronemics: Significance of time in communication.
  • Haptics: Importance of touch in conveying comfort or support.
  • Oculetics: Role of eye contact in communication.
  • Proxemics: Impact of physical distance between communicators.
  • Kinesics: Interpretation of body movements and gestures.
  • Objectics: Use of materials or artifacts to convey messages.

• Verbal (S-DSPM): Utilizes spoken or written language.

  • Intrapersonal: Communication within oneself (soliloquies, monologues).
  • Interpersonal: Interaction between two or more individuals.
    • Dyadic: A two-person engagement.
    • Small Group: 3-10 participants in discussions or panels.
    • Public: More than 10 individuals in public speaking contexts.
    • Mass: Communication to large audiences through media outlets.