Oral Cavity Infections and Conditions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about odontomas is true?

  • They require extensive chemotherapy for treatment.
  • Odontomas are often categorized as hamartomas rather than true neoplasms. (correct)
  • They arise from ectomesenchymal tissue exclusively.
  • Odontomas are generally considered malignant tumors.
  • Which of the following is NOT a type of benign tumor found in odontogenic epithelium?

  • Ameloblastoma
  • Squamous odontogenic tumor
  • Malignant ameloblastoma (correct)
  • Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
  • What is a common inflammatory lesion of the salivary gland characterized by a fluctuating swelling of the lower lip?

  • Sialolithiasis
  • Viral sialadenitis
  • Mucocoele (correct)
  • Sialadenitis
  • Which of the following tumors is categorized under malignant tumors of odontogenic epithelium?

    <p>Ameloblastic carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major salivary gland is primarily involved during mumps infection?

    <p>Parotid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the oral manifestation characterized by a fiery red tongue with prominent papillae?

    <p>Raspberry tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by reticulate, lacelike, white keratotic lesions in the oral cavity?

    <p>Lichen planus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of oral lesions are associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

    <p>Vesiculobullous eruptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which disorder might you find striking fibrous enlargement of the gingivae due to medication?

    <p>Phenytoin ingestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common precursor to oral manifestations like leukoplakia?

    <p>Tobacco use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic condition can cause multiple aneurysmal telangiectasias in the oral cavity?

    <p>Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of oral lesions in leukemic patients resembles those in pancytopenia?

    <p>Ulcerative lesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythroplakia is characterized as which of the following?

    <p>Red velvety erosions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of leukoplakic lesions are considered premalignant?

    <p>5% to 25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes erythroplakia?

    <p>A red, velvety area within the oral cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological change is most commonly associated with erythroplakia?

    <p>Severe dysplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of leukoplakia as per the World Health Organization?

    <p>A white patch that cannot be classified as another disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity?

    <p>Lichen planus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions do odontogenic tumors include?

    <p>True neoplasms and hamartomas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common sites for oral squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Floor of mouth and tongue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is associated with smoked tobacco, alcohol, and sunlight exposure?

    <p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of benign salivary gland tumor?

    <p>Pleomorphic adenoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which salivary gland tumor is associated with the highest likelihood of malignancy?

    <p>Sublingual tumour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular components are present in a mucoepidermoid carcinoma?

    <p>Squamous and mucus cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of salivary gland tumor has a tendency for perineural invasion?

    <p>Adenoid cystic carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recurrence rate after enucleation of a pleomorphic adenoma?

    <p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is most commonly associated with orofacial herpes infections?

    <p>HSV-1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of aphthous ulcers?

    <p>Multiple, shallow ulcerations that heal spontaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by beefy-red tongue and atrophy of papillae?

    <p>Glossitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of patches are observed with oral candidiasis?

    <p>Superficial white patches or fluffy membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hairy leukoplakia?

    <p>White thickening on lateral parts of the tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would one expect to see a dirty white fibrinosuppurative membrane over the tonsils?

    <p>Diphtheria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is particularly prone to opportunistic oral infections due to HIV?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient deficiencies can lead to glossitis?

    <p>Vitamin B12 and Iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oral Cavity Infections

    • Herpes simplex infections are common but typically mild.
    • Most orofacial herpes infections are caused by HSV-1.
    • Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis involves vesicles and ulcerations of the oral cavity.
    • Recurrent herpetic stomatitis is a recurring condition.

    Oral Cavity Apthous Ulcers

    • Common superficial ulcerations of oral mucosa.
    • Characterized as single or multiple, shallow ulcerations.
    • Heal spontaneously; often recurrent.
    • More painful than serious.
    • Glossitis, a beefy-red tongue, is observed in deficiency states.

    Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)

    • Superficial white patches or fluffy membrane.
    • Membrane is often made up from matted organisms encased in fibrinosuppurative exudate.
    • Underlying surface is easily detached and reddened.
    • Candida is normal oral flora.
    • Occurs in individuals with conditions like diabetes, neutropenia, or compromised immune systems (e.g., HIV).
    • Most common fungal infection in the oral cavity

    Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease

    • Hairy Leukoplakia is associated with immunocompromised patients (e.g., HIV).
    • White, fluffy thickenings on the tongue's lateral parts.
    • Epstein-Barr virus presence is common in most cases.
    • Oral manifestations of systemic infections include Measles (Koplik spots), infectious mononucleosis, and diphtheria.
    • Oral manifestations are also seen in various dermatologic conditions, like lichen planus , pemphigus, and erythema multiforme.

    Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases Miscellaneous

    • Haematologic disorders like pancytopenia, monocytic leukaemia, may present with oral manifestations.
    • Phenytoin ingestion, or pregnancy can present with diverse oral manifestations.

    Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: Disorders

    • Acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis, potentially with a gray-white exudative membrane and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
    • Diphtheria involves a characteristic dirty white fibrinosuppurative, tough inflammatory membrane over the tonsils and retropharynx.
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection can create many opportunistic oral infections (including Candida and some fungal infections).
    • Kaposi's sarcoma and hairy leukoplakia are sometimes seen along with oral lesions.

    Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: Other Infections

    • Measles often appear with spotty enanthema, and ulcers on buccal mucosa about the Stensen duct area produce Koplik's spots.
    • Scarlet fever: Characteristic includes fiery red tongue with prominent papillae (raspberry tongue), sometimes white coated with hyperemic papillae (strawberry tongue).
    • Infectious mononucleosis has various oral presentations.

    Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: Dermatologic Conditions

    • Lichen planus can occur with reticulated , lace-like white keratotic lesions (sometimes bullous and ulcerated) and may rarely be the sole manifestation in patients.
    • Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus display similar but distinct oral presentations.

    Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: Erythema Multiforme

    • Erythema multiforme is a maculopapular eruption, potentially vesiculobullous.
    • Sometimes triggered by infections, drug reactions, or underlying cancers.
    • Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a severe form affecting the lips and oral mucosa

    Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: Miscellaneous

    • Melanotic pigmentation may be observed in conditions like Addison's disease, hemochromatosis, fibrous dysplasia, Peutz-Jegher syndrome.
    • Phenytoin ingestion and pregnancy may lead to gingiva enlargement or various fibroid changes.
    • Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome presents with multiple aneurysmal telangiectasias affecting the skin and mucous membranes including oral cavity.

    Hematologic Disorders

    • Pancytopenia (including agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia): severe oral infections such as gingivitis, pharyngitis and tonsillitis. The condition can extend to the neck (Ludwig angina)
    • Leukemia, especially monocytic leukemia, can lead to infiltration and enlargement of the gingiva often with accompanying periodontitis.

    Precancerous Lesions

    • Leukoplakia is a white plaque or patch that is not easily removed.
    • Erythroplakia refers to red velvety erosions; it's less common but more serious compared to leukoplakia.
    • Factors such as the use of tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and chewing tobacco) are leading causes.

    Tumors and Precancerous Lesions

    • Some tumors, like papillomas, hemangiomas, and lymphomas are also present in other body areas and are not specific to oral cavity.
    • Only squamous-cell carcinoma and related precancerous lesions are discussed.

    Leukoplakia

    • Leukoplakia is defined by the WHO as a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off and cannot be clinically or pathologically classified as anything else.
    • White patches caused by conditions such as lichen planus and candidiasis are not leukoplakias.

    Oral Cavity Tumors

    • Some oral lesions could also be pre-cancerous.
    • Common types of oral cancer tumors include squamous cell carcinoma.
    • Types of other cancers may include papillomas, hemangiomas and lymphomas, and other widespread neoplasms.

    Odontogenic Tumors

    • Odontogenic tumors are complex lesions derived from odontogenic epithelium, ectomesenchyme or both.
    • One of the common types of odontogenic tumors includes ameloblastoma.
    • Another common type is odontoma, which is a type of hamartoma (mass of abnormal cells).

    Diseases of Salivary Glands

    • Sialadenitis involves inflammation in the salivary glands.
    • Sialolithiasis describes stone formation in the salivary ducts.
    • Mucoceles are common salivary gland inflammatory lesions
    • Viral sialadenitis commonly involves Mumps
    • Bacterial sialadenitis often caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus
    • Auto-immune Sjogren syndrome can lead to secondary salivary gland involvement.

    Salivary Gland Tumors

    • Benign pleomorphic adenomas are common parotid tumors
    • Pleomorphic adenomas are also sometimes found in the submandibular and sublingual glands.
    • The common Warthin's tumor in the salivary glands is primarily found in parotid glands.
    • A malignant salivary gland tumor, potentially mucoepidermoid carcinoma, a mix of squamous cells and mucus cells.

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