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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the soft palate during swallowing?
Which structure is primarily involved in the formation of the anterior oral fissure?
What anatomical feature does the palatine raphe correspond to?
Which gland is located closely to the lingual nerve and could be affected during surgical procedures?
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What type of mucosa covers the hard palate?
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Which muscle of the tongue is responsible for elevating and retracting it?
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What is the primary action of the Genioglossus muscle?
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Which muscle of the tongue is innervated by the vagus nerve?
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Which artery supplies blood to the inferior surface of the tongue?
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What type of nerve primarily innervates all muscles of the tongue, except for one?
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Which muscle's primary attachment is the hyoid bone?
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the lingual artery?
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What structure lies beneath the Genioglossus muscle?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the parotid gland?
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What duct opens at the location of the sublingual caruncle?
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Which artery is associated with the submandibular gland?
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What is a potential consequence of a parotidectomy?
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Which of the following glands has a duct that opens near the second upper molar tooth?
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During surgery of the submandibular gland, which nerve should be closely monitored to avoid injury?
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Which lymphatic pathway is associated with the parotid gland?
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Which element is a common feature of the sublingual glands?
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Which muscle of the soft palate does not receive its innervation from the vagus nerve?
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What is the primary function of the palatoglossus muscle?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the palatoglossus muscle?
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Which muscle primarily acts to open the pharyngotympanic tube during yawning or swallowing?
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The greater palatine artery is a branch of which artery?
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Which of the following statements about the musculus uvulae is incorrect?
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Which lymphatic nodes are primarily responsible for draining lymph from the palate?
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Which muscle is located anterior to the palatopharyngeus muscle?
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In the context of palate neurovasculature, what does the lesser palatine artery primarily supply?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the muscles of the tongue?
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Which nerve is involved in the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue for general sensation?
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Damage to the vagus nerve is likely to cause which of the following symptoms?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation in the posterior one-third of the tongue?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the innervation of the tongue?
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What is the primary function of the vagus nerve regarding the tongue and surrounding areas?
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Which structure is primarily innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
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Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in any aspect of tongue innervation?
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Study Notes
Oral Cavity Anatomy
- Geniohyoid Muscle: Located above the mylohyoid muscle. Extends from the hyoid bone to the chin (genio). Receives innervation from the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
- Cheeks: Primarily composed of the buccinator muscle.
- Oral Fissure: The opening of the mouth. Includes the lips, philtrum (formed by merging medial nasal processes), and median labial frenulum (connects lip to gum).
- Oropharyngeal Isthmus: Formed by the palatoglossal arches. Opens and closes with movements of the soft palate and tongue.
- Hard Palate: Made of the palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bone (posterior quarter). Covered by respiratory mucosa (nose) superiorly and oral mucosa (mouth) inferiorly. Contains foramina like the incisive canal, greater and lesser palatine foramina.
- Palatine Raphe: A median ridge extending to the incisive papilla, overlying the intermaxillary suture leading to the incisive canal.
Soft Palate
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Posterior Portion of the Roof: Composed of soft tissue. Functions as a valve:
- Closure: Depresses the oropharyngeal isthmus, isolating the mouth.
- Elevation: Separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx, isolating the nose.
- Uvula: Hangs at the back of the soft palate.
Soft Palate Muscles
- Innervation: All muscles are innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) through the pharyngeal branch to the pharyngeal plexus, except the tensor veli palatini which is innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3) via a branch to the medial pterygoid.
- Palatoglossus: Anterior to the palatopharyngeus. It forms part of the palatoglossal/palatopharyngeal arches with the palatine tonsils. Depresses the soft palate or pulls the pharynx upward, forward, and medially during swallowing. Attached to the palatine aponeurosis and draws the tongue and palate together.
- Tensor Veli Palatini (TVP): Anterior to the levator veli palatini. Both elevate the soft palate, but only the levator veli palatini elevates it above neutral. The TVP wraps around the pterygoid hamulus before attaching to the palatine aponeurosis. It opens the pharyngotympanic tube during yawning and swallowing.
- Musculus Uvulae: Elevates the uvula.
Palate Neurovasculature
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Arteries:
- Greater Palatine Artery: A branch of the maxillary artery. Gives off the lesser palatine artery in the palatine canal. Travels through the greater and lesser palatine foramen (in the palatine bone).
- Greater Palatine Artery: Supplies the hard palate and passes through the incisive canal.
- Lesser Palatine Artery: Supplies the soft palate and uvula.
- Veins: Follow the arteries and drain into the pterygoid or pharyngeal plexus.
- Lymphatics: Drain into deep cervical nodes.
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Innervation: Branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion.
- Greater/Lesser Palatine Nerves: Supply the hard and soft palate, respectively.
- Nasopalatine Nerve: Runs through the incisive canal.
- Pterygopalatine Ganglion: Receive branches from the maxillary nerve.
Tongue Muscles
- All Muscles Are Paired: All muscles are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except the palatoglossus which is supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X).
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Intrinsic Muscles: Alter the shape of the tongue by lengthening/shortening, curling, and flattening.
- Superior and Inferior Longitudinal Muscles
- Transverse and Vertical Muscles
Tongue Muscles
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Extrinsic Muscles:
- Genioglossus: Originates from the superior mental spines (genio = chin). Depresses the central part of the tongue. Protrudes the tongue.
- Hyoglossus: Originates from the hyoid bone (greater horn). Depresses the tongue.
- Styloglossus: Originates from the styloid process. Elevates and retracts the tongue.
- Palatoglossus: Originates from the inferior surface of the palatine aponeurosis. Elevates the tongue and depresses the soft palate.
Tongue Neurovasculature
- Important Relation: From inner to outer: genioglossus → lingual artery → hyoglossus → hypoglossal/lingual nerve.
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Lingual Artery: Enters through the oropharyngeal triangle and travels above the genioglossus, under the hyoglossus.
- Dorsal Lingual Artery/Vein: Supplies the back of the tongue.
- Deep Lingual Artery/Vein: Supplies the inferior surface of the tongue (travels with the hypoglossal nerve).
- Sublingual Artery/Vein: Supplies the underside of the tongue.
- Lymphatic Drainage: Deep cervical and submental lymph nodes.
Tongue Innervation
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Important:
- Vagus Nerve (CN X) Issues: Uvula deviates toward the normal side.
- Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) Issues: Tongue deviates toward the abnormal side.
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Motor:
- Tongue Muscles: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
- Palatoglossus: Vagus nerve (CN X).
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Sensory:
- Anterior 2/3: Trigeminal nerve (CN V) for general sensation. Facial nerve (CN VII) via chorda tympani for taste.
- Posterior 1/3: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) for general and special sensory.
- Epiglottis and Soft Palate: Vagus nerve (CN X) for general and special sensory.
Salivary Glands
- Smaller Glands: Located in the submucosa or mucosa of the oral epithelium.
- Larger Glands (Paired): Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
Salivary Glands: Parotid Gland
- Relations: Deep and superficial lobes separated by the facial nerve. Pierced by the following structures (superficial to deep): facial nerve (CN VII) with its five terminal branches, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery, and lymph nodes.
- Duct Opening: Opens at the level of the second upper molar.
- Arteries: External carotid artery.
- Veins: External jugular vein.
- Lymphatics: Parotid nodes drain to the deep/superficial cervical nodes.
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Innervation:
- Sensory: Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) and greater auricular nerve.
- Parasympathetic (PNS): Chorda tympani of the facial nerve (CN VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via the otic ganglion and auriculotemporal nerve.
- Sympathetic (SNS): T1 via external carotid.
Salivary Glands: Submandibular Gland
- Relations: Curls around the mylohyoid muscle. Facial artery loops over the superficial lobe (between the lobe and the mandible). Lingual nerve loops under the duct.
- Duct Opening: Sublingual caruncle (beside the frenulum).
- Arteries: Facial and lingual artery/vein.
- Veins: Facial and lingual artery/vein.
- Lymphatics: Submandibular nodes drain to the deep cervical nodes.
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Innervation:
- PNS: Chorda tympani of the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion.
- SNS: Superior cervical ganglion.
Salivary Glands: Sublingual Gland
- Relations: Numerous ducts along the sublingual fold.
- Arteries: Facial and lingual artery/vein.
- Veins: Facial and lingual artery/vein.
- Lymphatics: Submental nodes drain to the deep cervical nodes.
-
Innervation:
- PNS: Chorda tympani of the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion.
- SNS: Superior cervical ganglion.
Salivary Gland Surgery
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Parotidectomy (Parotid Gland Removal): May result in facial nerve injury.
- Facial Muscle Weakness:
- Complete Palsy: Inability to close the eye, blink, and resulting in dry eye, inflammation, and corneal ulceration.
-
Submandibular Gland Surgery:
- Submandibular Duct: Beware of injury to the lingual nerve (loops underneath it).
- Whole Gland Removal: Beware of injury to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve and the lingual nerve.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the oral cavity, including muscles, structures, and their functions. This quiz covers details about key components such as the geniohyoid muscle, hard palate, and oropharyngeal isthmus. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or related fields.
