Optics and Vision Science Quiz

<p>Uneven curvature of the cornea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>+59D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short eyeball (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The image appears blurred (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact lenses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scotopsin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They close (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rods are more sensitive to light than cones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cones adapt rapidly to darkness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photopsin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amacrine cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly permeable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain intra-ocular pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mueller cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior chamber -&gt; Pupil -&gt; Schlemm canal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lens becomes more convex and spherical. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choroid layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edinger-Westphal nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit signals from photoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases due to lens hardening and decreased elasticity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher density of cones and absence of blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>64 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glaucoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of light is proportional to the square of the diameter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lens is flat and has a refractive power of +20 diopters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of the ciliary muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates and decomposes into protein and all-trans-retinal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Night blindness and degeneration of retinal layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in vitamin A concentration (A), Pupil size decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rods adapt for a longer time than cones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>W ganglion cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11-cis-retinal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different density.

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium. It indicates how much the speed of light decreases in that medium.

A lens that converges light rays to a point, making them meet.

A lens that diverges light rays, making them spread out.

The ability of the eye to change its refractive power to focus on objects at different distances, achieved by adjusting the shape of the lens.

Nearsightedness. The image of distant objects falls in front of the retina.

Farsightedness. The image of near objects falls behind the retina.

An uneven curvature of the cornea, causing the image to be focused differently in different planes.

The process by which the eye changes its refractive power to focus on objects at different distances. It involves adjusting the shape of the lens.

The ciliary muscles contract, which relaxes the suspensory ligaments, making the lens more convex and increasing its refractive power.

The ciliary muscles relax, tightening the suspensory ligaments, flattening the lens and reducing its refractive power.

A condition where the eye's ability to accommodate decreases with age, making it difficult to focus on near objects. This happens due to decreased lens elasticity, lens hardening, and protein degeneration.

The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to pass through the lens to the retina.

The circular muscle of the iris innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). It contracts to constrict the pupil.

The radial muscle of the iris innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). It contracts to dilate the pupil.

The fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes and circulates through the chambers, ultimately draining into the Schlemm's canal.

The pressure exerted by the aqueous humor within the eye. It is normally maintained at about 15 mmHg. Increased IOP can lead to glaucoma.

A condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye. This pressure can damage the optic nerve, leading to vision loss. It's a major cause of blindness.

The neural layer of the eye that contains light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. It is responsible for converting light signals into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain.

The point in the retina where the optic nerve and blood vessels enter and leave the eye. It's where the axons of ganglion cells converge.

A small area in the center of the retina. It contains a high density of cones and few rods, making it responsible for sharp central vision.

The light-sensitive cells in the retina, divided into rods and cones. Rods detect low-light conditions and cones detect color.

The basic pathway of information processing in the retina: Light signals are captured by photoreceptors, then processed by bipolar cells and finally transmitted to the brain by ganglion cells.

Specialized retinal cells that inhibit bipolar cells, enhancing contrast borders and sharpening edges in visual perception.

The process by which light energy is converted into neural signals in the retina.

A light-sensitive pigment in rods that initiates the phototransduction cascade in low light conditions.

A protein component of rhodopsin, responsible for capturing light energy.

Light-sensitive pigments in cones responsible for color vision.

The breakdown of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin II, triggered by light energy, initiating the phototransduction cascade.

The protein component of color pigments, responsible for capturing specific wavelengths of light for color vision.

The decrease in cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels, leading to closure of sodium channels and hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cells.

A decrease in the membrane potential of a neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

Vitamin A is a lipid-soluble vitamin that cannot be produced by the body. It is essential for vision and plays a critical role in the function of photoreceptor cells.

The process by which the retina adjusts its sensitivity to light levels, allowing us to see in both bright and dim environments.

The conversion of all-trans-retinol back into 11-cis-retinal is essential for the regeneration of rhodopsin and color pigments.

A deficiency in Vitamin A can lead to night blindness, a condition where it is difficult to see in low light conditions. It can also lead to degeneration of the neuronal layers of the retina.

A type of ganglion cell in the retina responsible for processing information related to color and fine detail.

A type of ganglion cell in the retina that processes information related to motion and dim lighting.