Textbook Chpt. 11 Opioids

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What phenomenon contributes to the increased risk of overdose during the first two weeks following release from residential treatment?

Increased psychological cravings for the drug

Improved metabolic clearance of the drug

Enhanced drug potency due to new formulations

Loss of tolerance to the drug after a period of abstinence (correct)

Which central nervous system depressant is most commonly associated with increased risk when combined with heroin?

Caffeine

Alcohol and benzodiazepines (correct)

Antidepressants

Stimulants like amphetamines

Tolerance to heroin can diminish when the drug is used in what context?

In a new environment different from usual use settings (correct)

In a familiar environment where use typically occurs

When combined with stimulants to counteract effects

After switching to a different route of administration

What is one primary mechanism by which tolerance develops in individuals using heroin?

Decreased sensitivity of receptors to the drug's action Signup and view all the answers

Which feature does NOT typically develop tolerance in heroin users?

Nausea and vomiting induced by the drug Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of injectable drug use on health risks compared to oral or inhalation methods?

It increases exposure to diseases such as hepatitis and HIV/AIDS. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to an increased risk of overdose?

Low frequency of drug use. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the effects of tolerance in opioid users?

Tolerance does not develop to the euphoric effects of opioids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pharmacological mechanism thought to be involved in developing tolerance to opioids?

Downregulation of opioid receptors. Signup and view all the answers

How does the lifestyle of heroin addicts indirectly affect their health?

It compromises housing and nutrition, causing overall health decline. Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most commonly represented among individuals visiting emergency departments for drug overdose?

Individuals aged 20-34 years. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable gender difference observed in unintentional drug poisoning cases?

Males are more likely to experience unintentional drug poisoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of opioids is associated with the highest number of drug-poisoning deaths?

Heroin and prescription opioids. Signup and view all the answers

What method of heroin administration has been reported the least by 8th, 10th, and 12th graders?

Injection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioids is most commonly reported to be illicitly used among high school students?

OxyContin Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of non-college-attending young adults who reported illicitly using prescription opioids?

16% Signup and view all the answers

What factor mentioned contributes to the recent rise in heroin use in the United States?

Reformulated OxyContin with abuse-deterrent properties Signup and view all the answers

Which age group showed the highest lifetime heroin use according to the data provided?

19-28 years, non-college attendees Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of grade-12 students indicated that prescription opioids would be 'fairly easy' or 'very easy' to obtain?

42% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is likely to result in the fastest onset of tolerance among opioid users?

Heroin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that most high school students obtain prescription opioids illicitly?

Given or bought from family or friends Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological effect of opioid use?

Increased respiration rate Signup and view all the answers

In the context of opioid withdrawal, which of the following symptoms is commonly observed?

Intense cravings Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend in the use of Vicodin among young people from 2005 to 2014?

Declined steadily Signup and view all the answers

What age group reported the highest rates of prescription pain reliever abuse disorder in 2014?

18-25 year olds Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has contributed to the high number of chronic pain sufferers developing opioid addiction?

Distribution of highly potent medications Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of opioids prescribed in 1999 were stronger than morphine?

17% Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic reported the second-most illicit use of drug classes after cannabis?

Young people Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of illicit non-heroin opioid use reported by 23-26 year olds in 2014?

6.8% Signup and view all the answers

What shift occurred in opioid prescriptions from 1999 to 2012?

More prescriptions for stronger opioids Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many young adults (ages 18-25) were estimated to be nonmedical users of prescription pain relievers in 2014?

978,000 Signup and view all the answers

What did research from the 1950s and 1960s suggest about the behavior of older heroin users?

They often spontaneously discontinue use. Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed regarding the prevalence of illicit non-heroin opioid use among young age categories since 2010?

A dramatic decline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of high doses of opioids on the respiratory system?

Severe depression of breathing Signup and view all the answers

In which format was fentanyl indirectly used during the Moscow theater hostage crisis?

As a gas pumped into the theater Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome reported among heroin users who attempt to stop on their own?

High levels of spontaneous remission Signup and view all the answers

Which condition tends to show tolerance development when using opioids?

Analgesic effects Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT typically influence the likelihood of maturing out of heroin addiction?

Social support structures Signup and view all the answers

What is an observed effect of opioid use concerning the seizure threshold?

High doses of opioids lower the seizure threshold Signup and view all the answers

What trend was noted regarding heroin use among individuals over 50 between 1994 and 2004 in the US?

The proportion tripled in treatment programs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is not typically associated with causing convulsions at high doses?

Barbiturates Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage range of addicts who may eventually mature out of heroin addiction?

More than two-thirds to less than a quarter Signup and view all the answers

What may be a contributing factor to the increasing number of heroin addicts among seniors?

Increased social isolation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Opioid Use Prevalence

Globally, approximately 0.7% of adults use opioids.
North America shows a significantly higher prevalence at about 3.8%.
Heroin use in the US has shown an upward trend recently, partially attributed to reformulated OxyContin and decreased heroin costs.
0.9-1% of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders have used heroin in their lifetime, compared to 0.2% using methods besides injection.
College students showed lower heroin use (0.3%), while young adults (19-28) not attending college had a higher rate (1.4%).
Prescription opioid use (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet) is notably higher among young people outside of medical supervision.
10% of 12th graders and college students used illicit prescription opioids.
Over 16% of young adults (not in college) had illicitly used prescription opioids.
Prescription opioids were largely obtained for free or from friends.

Opioid Use Trends

Illicit non-heroin opioid use increased in the mid-1990s and then flattened.
Use was highest among those under 30, peaking at 10% for 23-26 year olds in 2008 and 2010.
Vicodin use in young adults significantly declined since 2005 (from 9.3% to 4.8% in 2014).
Pain relievers are the second most used illicit drug class, after cannabis, with young people reporting the highest use.
Data from the 2014 National Survey of Drug Use and Health shows this.
- More than 978,000 nonmedical users of prescription pain relievers were between 18 and 25 years old in 2014.

Opioid Overdose Deaths

Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids have increased considerably since 1999.
70% of opioid overdose deaths involved natural and semi-synthetic opioids (morphine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone).
Methadone alone is responsible for 26% of prescription opioid overdose deaths in 2014.
In 2013, the US had a significantly higher rate of drug-related mortality than the global average (4.6 times higher).

Heroin Overdoses

Heroin overdose deaths in the US increased significantly from 2010 to 2013.
Overdose is the leading cause of death for heroin users.
Overdose risk is increased by mixing heroin with other central nervous system depressants (like alcohol or benzodiazepines). Many celebrities have died from this.
The risk of overdose is also increased when tolerance has greatly decreased due to a period of abstinence.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the global prevalence of opioid use, with a focus on trends in North America. It also highlights the statistics related to heroin and prescription opioid use among different age groups, including adolescents and young adults. Test your knowledge on how these trends affect various demographics.