Ophthalmology: Cataracts and Systemic Diseases

<p>Neurofibromatosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2/3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Against-the-rule astigmatism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lamellar hole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcification of elastic fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angioid streaks and loose skin folds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it affects collagen, impacting the structural integrity of the eye. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased serum alkaline phosphatase and urine calcium levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged skull (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accelerated atherosclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confined to the plexiform and nerve fiber layers, densest around the paramacular region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Targeted sequencing for ABCC6 gene mutations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation of bisphosphonate therapy and audiometry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal bone-spicule pigmentation, arteriolar attenuation , and optic disc pallor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of full-thickness macular holes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal arteriolar attenuation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optic disc pallor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muller cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.5 mm from the foveal pit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic GMP (cGMP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosing shed outer segments of photoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive apoptosis of rod photoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors mediate fast, transient postsynaptic responses via ion channels, whereas metabotropic receptors trigger slower, sustained effects through second messenger cascades. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulating the output of bipolar cells and influencing ganglion cell activity through lateral interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial invasion leading to peripheral corneal ulceration, followed by central extension, corneal perforation, and potential endophthalmitis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiate topical broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, while emphasizing strict hygiene to prevent spread. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concurrent upper respiratory infection symptoms, such as otitis media or sinusitis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subepithelial infiltrates on the cornea. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive inflammation and scarring of the conjunctiva, leading to entropion, trichiasis, and subsequent corneal damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corneal blindness from trichiasis and subsequent ulceration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyelid surgery to correct entropion and trichiasis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giemsa staining of conjunctival scrapings to visualize intracytoplasmic inclusions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Add a +2.25D trial lens and add 16D to the drum reading. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A -1.00 lens should be added, and 6D should be subtracted from the drum reading. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The area of corneal protrusion is located superior to the area of corneal thinning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central corneal scarring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 'crab claw' or 'kissing doves' pattern. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To address mild discomfort associated with Arcus senilis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a barrier against eyelid friction, promoting epithelial healing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide comfort and facilitate corneal epithelial healing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A genetic disorder often causing cataracts known as 'Christmas tree cataracts'.

A skin condition associated with shield-like anterior subcapsular cataracts.

A disorder linked to posterior subcapsular or cortical cataracts.

A genetic disorder linked with green 'sunflower' cataracts.

Cataracts present at birth, occurring in 1 in 3,000 live births.

Genetic mutation is the most prevalent cause, accounting for ~25%.

A shift caused by cataracts, steepening the lens horizontally.

Fluctuating vision due to poorly controlled diabetes leading to ocular issues.

Signs associated with wet age-related macular degeneration include CNVM and hemorrhage.

Drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment is characteristic of dry ARMD.

Composed of Muller cell processes and other glial cells.

These cells extend throughout the retina and maintain its architecture.

Peak density of rod photoreceptors is found 4.5 mm from the foveal pit.

Only cones are present in the fovea, forming a hexagonal pattern.

A process involving second messengers in retinal signal transduction.

The area surrounding the fovea with the highest density of rod photoreceptors.

A retinal condition where the macula is completely disrupted, causing distorted vision.

A partial thickness retinal hole that does not affect the entire macula, leading to visual distortion.

A connective tissue disorder associated with angioid streaks in the retina, characterized by skin changes.

Bends or breaks in the retina's blood vessels often seen in patients with systemic diseases.

The combination of Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and ocular involvement with angioid streaks.

A genetic disorder affecting collagen, possibly leading to angioid streaks and ocular problems.

A chronic disease affecting bone remodeling, associated with angioid streaks in some patients.

Up to 85% of PXE patients develop eye issues, including angioid streaks.

Gonorrhoeae can affect healthy epithelium, leading to corneal ulceration.

Peripheral corneal ulceration can occur if conjunctivitis is ignored.

Gram staining shows kidney-shaped diplococci for certain infections.

Most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in warmer climates for adults.

Common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in cooler climates among adults.

An infection from Chlamydia trachomatis causing blindness if untreated.

Linear scarring from Trachoma on palpebral conjunctiva.

Depressions at limbus caused by scarring from Trachoma.

Some patients may show no symptoms of vision loss despite underlying issues.

Enlarging bone may compress the optic nerve, causing vision loss.

Tamoxifen can cause visual acuity decrease and retinal deposits.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is essential for monitoring maculopathy.

Classic signs include arteriolar attenuation, bone-spicule pigmentation, and optic disc pallor.

Optic disc pallor is a common change in retinitis pigmentosa patients.

Conditions like sickle-cell disease and acromegaly can lead to angioid streaks.

Annual dilated eye exams and SD-OCT should be performed for monitoring.

Extends keratometry range from 52D to about 60-61D.

A +2.25 lens extends measurements from steeper values, adding 16D to readings.

Covers keratometry readings from 32-38D, subtracting 6D for true value.

Characterized by irregular corneal thinning, typically 1-2 mm wide.

Can lead to corneal scarring and neovascularization.

A hallmark diagnostic sign in PMD observed on corneal topography.

Protects corneal surface from irritation; promotes healing.

Include recurrent corneal erosion, corneal abrasion, and post-PRK.