Ophthalmology: Cataracts and Systemic Diseases

A patient presents with green "sunflower" cataracts. Which systemic disease is MOST likely associated with this finding?

Which systemic condition is frequently linked to the development of "Christmas tree cataracts"?

Shield-like, dense anterior subcapsular plaques are MOST indicative of cataracts related to which systemic condition?

A patient is diagnosed with posterior subcapsular cataracts. Which systemic disease should be MOST strongly considered as a potential underlying cause?

What is the MOST prevalent cause of congenital cataracts?

Congenital cataracts are found bilaterally in approximately what proportion of cases?

Cataract progression typically induces a refractive shift toward which type of astigmatism?

If a patient reports that a beam of light appears bent or distorted, but maintains uniform thickness, which macular condition is MOST likely present?

What is the underlying cause of ocular complications in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE)?

A patient is diagnosed with Gronblad-Strandberg syndrome. Which of the following clinical findings would be MOST indicative of this diagnosis?

Why might Ehlers-Danlos syndrome increase a patient's risk of retinal detachment?

In late stages of a certain condition, significant vision loss can occur due to optic nerve compression. Which lab findings are MOST likely associated with this?

Which of the following is the MOST likely systemic manifestation in a patient presenting with angioid streaks who is also diagnosed with Paget's disease?

A patient with angioid streaks is being evaluated for associated systemic conditions. What is the MOST critical cardiovascular risk to assess due to the potential association with Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE)?

A 49-year-old patient recently started taking oral tamoxifen. Besides an annual comprehensive dilated eye exam, what additional test should be performed at each visit to monitor for potential ocular side effects?

A patient taking tamoxifen exhibits decreased visual acuity. Where are white crystalline retinal deposits MOST likely concentrated?

A 35-year-old patient presents with angioid streaks and a family history of cardiovascular issues. Which genetic testing strategy would be MOST appropriate to initially investigate the underlying cause?

A 60-year-old patient with known Paget's disease presents with new-onset angioid streaks. Which of the following management strategies should be prioritized in addition to ophthalmological care?

What is the MOST common triad of clinical findings in retinitis pigmentosa (RP)?

What ocular side effect is MOST likely to occur in a patient taking high doses (exceeding 120mg daily) of tamoxifen?

Besides bone-spicule pigmentation, which retinal vascular change is MOST commonly observed in patients with retinitis pigmentosa?

Which systemic condition is LEAST likely to be associated with the formation of angioid streaks?

A patient with retinitis pigmentosa is being evaluated. While bone-spicule pigmentation and arteriolar attenuation are noted, which additional optic nerve finding completes the classic triad of this condition?

Which characteristic is indicative of dry age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) rather than wet ARMD?

Besides glial cell processes, which of the following cellular components contributes to the formation of the internal limiting membrane of the retina?

At what distance from the foveal pit is the peak density of rod photoreceptors located in the retina?

Which molecule functions as a second messenger in the retina and plays a crucial role in the phototransduction cascade?

What is the primary role of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in maintaining photoreceptor health and function?

A patient presents with constricted visual fields and a 'bone-spicule' pigmentation pattern on fundus examination. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cellular mechanism contributing to this condition?

In the context of retinal neurotransmission, what distinguishes ionotropic glutamate receptors from metabotropic glutamate receptors in bipolar cells?

Which of the following best describes the role of amacrine cells in retinal processing?

In a severe, untreated case of Neisseria gonorrhoeae conjunctivitis, which of the following is the most likely progression leading to significant vision loss?

A 30-year-old patient presents with acute, unilateral conjunctivitis and mucopurulent discharge. Gram staining reveals Gram-negative, kidney-shaped diplococci. While awaiting culture results, which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial treatment strategy?

A 4-year-old child presents with acute conjunctivitis. Knowing that Haemophilus influenzae is commonly implicated in this age group, what specific clinical feature would MOST strongly suggest this etiology over other bacterial causes?

In differentiating between bacterial and viral causes of acute conjunctivitis, which clinical sign is LEAST likely to be associated with a bacterial infection?

What is the underlying mechanism by which trachoma leads to blindness if left untreated?

A patient from a lesser-developed country presents with Arlt’s lines and Herbert’s pits. What is the MOST likely long-term complication if this condition is left untreated?

When a patient is diagnosed with trachoma, in addition to antibiotics, what other intervention is MOST critical in preventing further vision loss?

In a patient with suspected trachoma presenting with mucopurulent discharge and superior tarsal follicles, what is the MOST appropriate method to confirm the diagnosis in a resource-limited setting?

A patient presents with keratometry values in the 62-66D range. Which of the following adjustments should be made to accurately measure their corneal curvature using a manual keratometer?

A patient's keratometry readings are significantly flatter than the lower limit of your manual keratometer. To obtain an accurate measurement, which trial lens should be used and how should the reading be adjusted?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the relationship between corneal thinning and protrusion in pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD)?

A patient is diagnosed with pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD). Which finding would be LEAST likely in this patient?

What topographic pattern is MOST indicative of pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD)?

In the management of corneal disease, when would a bandage contact lens be LEAST appropriate?

Why are bandage contact lenses used in the management of recurrent corneal erosion?

Following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery, what is the PRIMARY reason for using a bandage contact lens?