Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is equilibrium?

A state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces.

What is the medulla oblongata?

The lowest part of the brain, continuous with the top of the spinal cord.

What does vascular mean?

Having (blood) vessels that conduct or circulate liquids (blood).

What is the auditory cortex?

<p>The region of the cerebral cortex that receives auditory data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dynamic equilibrium?

<p>Relating to balance when moving at an angle or rotating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sensoineural refer to?

<p>Involving the sensory nerves, especially as they affect hearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does binocular mean?

<p>Involving, relating, or seeing with both eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is static equilibrium?

<p>Relating to balance when moving in a straight line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thalamus?

<p>The middle part of the brain through which sensory impulses pass to reach the cerebral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does biconvex refer to?

<p>Having two outward curving surfaces on a lens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tonometer?

<p>An instrument used to measure intraocular pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ototoxic mean?

<p>A medicine or substance capable of damaging the cranial nerve VIII or the organs of hearing or balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tinnitus?

<p>A sound in one or both ears such as buzzing, ringing, or whistling, occurring without an external stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gonioscopy used for?

<p>Used to diagnose glaucoma and inspect ocular movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is seborrhea?

<p>An excessive discharge of sebum from the sebaceous glands, forming greasy scales or crusty areas on the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does audible mean?

<p>Capable of being heard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is photophobia?

<p>Extreme sensitivity to light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does miotic refer to?

<p>Any substance or medication that causes constriction of the pupil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is otosclerosis?

<p>A condition where the ossicles of the middle ear become fused and act as a single unit instead of individual bones, which restricts their movement and results in conductive hearing loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is amblyopia?

<p>Dull or dim vision, with no apparent organic defect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vertigo?

<p>Dizziness; abnormal sensations of movement when there is none.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Hertz?

<p>The unit of measurement used in hearing examinations; a wave frequency equal to 1 cycle per second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mydriatic?

<p>A medicated eye drop that dilates the pupil and enhances visualization of the eye structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does supperative refer to?

<p>Characterized by the formation and/or discharge of pus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to evert the eyelid?

<p>To turn the eyelid inside out; this typically is done by the provider to inspect the area for foreign bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an audiologist?

<p>Allied healthcare professional who specializes in evaluation of hearing function, detection of hearing impairment, and determination of the anatomic site of impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psoriasis?

<p>A usually chronic, recurrent skin disease marked by bright red patches covered with silvery scales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does serous refer to?

<p>A thin, watery, serum-like drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is accommodation in the context of vision?

<p>The lens of the eye flattens to adjust to something seen at a distance or thickens for close vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does AD stand for?

<p>Right ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ENT stand for?

<p>Ear, nose, throat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does AK stand for?

<p>Astigmatic keratotomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does OAE stand for?

<p>Otoacoustic emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does EOM stand for?

<p>Extraocular movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TM stand for?

<p>Tympanic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does IOL stand for?

<p>Intraocular lens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does UNHS stand for?

<p>Universal Newborn Hearing Screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does LASIK stand for?

<p>Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MY stand for?

<p>Myopia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PDR stand for?

<p>Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does VA stand for?

<p>Visual acuity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List and describe the three layers of the eye.

<p>Outermost: contains white, opaque sclera, and the transparent cornea; Middle: Choroid, iris, ciliary body; Inner: retina in posterior portion and lens in the anterior portion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List and describe two light sensitive neurons located in the retina.

<p>Rods: highly sensitive to light and can function in dim light; Cones: function in bright light and detect color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a natural blind spot in our vision where the _____________ is located.

<p>Optic disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the vitreous humor.

<p>Maintains the shape of the posterior eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the aqueous humor.

<p>Helps maintain normal pressure within the eye and provides nutrients to the lens and cornea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A visual impulse begins with the passage of light through the ___________, where light is ______________________.

<p>cornea; refracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________________________ adjusts the curvature of the ________ to again refract light rays so that they pass onto the _____________.

<p>ciliary muscle; lens; retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Focused light triggers the photoreceptor cells called _______ and _________.

<p>rods; cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Light energy is converted into a(n) ____________________________.

<p>electrical impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electrical impulse is sent through the _______________ to the ________________ of the brain.

<p>optic nerve; visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain interprets the light impulses and a picture is created that we perceive as ______________.

<p>sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the structures of the outer ear.

<p>Auricle, external auditory canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three bones in the middle ear called?

<p>ossicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the scientific names of the ossicles?

<p>Malleus, incus, stapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three structures of the inner ear.

<p>Cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is earwax or cerumen secreted?

<p>external auditory canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure helps equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the throat?

<p>Eustachian tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ossicles transmit bone-conducted sound waves through the middle ear to the _____________________.

<p>oval window.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sound waves travel through the fluid of the inner ear as __________________.

<p>vibrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Located within the cochlea, the ___________________ contains receptors for sound.

<p>organ of Corti.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semicircular canals detect ______________________ equilibrium, and the vestibule detects _____________ equilibrium.

<p>dynamic; static.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is strabismus?

<p>Failure of eyes to track together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nystagmus?

<p>Constant, involuntary movement of one or both eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hordeolum?

<p>Localized, purulent infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is keratitis?

<p>Inflammation of the cornea that results in superficial ulcerations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conjunctivitis?

<p>Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by irritation, allergy, or bacterial infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nyctalopia?

<p>Inability to see in dim light or at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tinnitus?

<p>Ringing in the ears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is otitis externa?

<p>Swimmer's ear; inflammation of the external auditory canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mastoiditis?

<p>Infection of the mastoid process caused by untreated ear infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is otitis media?

<p>Inflammation of the middle ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does blepharoptosis refer to?

<p>Drooping of the upper eyelid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does exophthalmia mean?

<p>Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Snellen alphabetical chart used for?

<p>To measure visual acuity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ishihara color vision test?

<p>A test used to assess color blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Weber hearing test?

<p>A tuning fork is placed in the middle of the head to ensure both ears are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Rinne hearing test?

<p>Evaluates bone conduction versus air conduction of sound in one ear at a time with a tuning fork.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Equilibrium

A state of balance due to opposing forces.

Medulla Oblongata

The lowest part of the brain, connected to the spinal cord.

Vascular

Pertaining to blood vessels.

Auditory Cortex

Brain area processing sound.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

Balance while moving.

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Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss involving the sensory nerves.

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Binocular Vision

Vision using both eyes.

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Static Equilibrium

Balance while stationary or moving straight.

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Thalamus

Relays sensory impulses to the brain's cortex.

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Biconvex Lens

A lens with two curving outwards surfaces.

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Tonometer

Device to measure eye pressure.

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Ototoxic

Substances damaging hearing/balance nerves.

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Tinnitus

Ringing/buzzing/whistling sound without source.

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Glaucoma

Potential cause of eye damage, high pressure within the eye.

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Seborrhea

Excessive sebum discharge producing scales.

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Photophobia

Intense light sensitivity.

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Miotic

Causes pupil constriction.

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Otosclerosis

Fused ossicles, leading to conductive loss.

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Amblyopia

Diminished vision no organic defect.

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Vertigo

Dizziness or spinning sensation.

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Hertz (Hz)

Unit of sound frequency.

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Mydriatic Eye Drops

Eye drops that dilate pupils.

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Audiologist

Specialist evaluating human hearing.

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Outer Eye Layers

Sclera, cornea, choroid, iris, ciliary body, and retina.

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Study Notes

Key Terms in Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology

  • Equilibrium: A state of rest or balance due to opposing forces.
  • Medulla Oblongata: The brain's lowest part connected to the spinal cord.
  • Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels that circulate blood.
  • Auditory Cortex: Area of the brain that processes auditory information.
  • Dynamic Equilibrium: Balance while moving or rotating.
  • Sensoineual: Involving sensory nerves, particularly related to hearing.
  • Binocular: Relating to vision with both eyes.
  • Static Equilibrium: Balance while moving in a straight path.

Structures of the Eye

  • Thalamus: Sensory impulse relay to the cerebral cortex.
  • Biconvex Lens: A lens with two outward curving surfaces.
  • Tonometer: Device for measuring intraocular pressure.
  • Ototoxic: Substances that can damage hearing or balance nerves.
  • Tinnitus: Ringing, buzzing, or whistling sound perceptible without external stimuli.
  • Goinoscopy: Diagnostic procedure for glaucoma and ocular movement inspection.

Conditions and Symptoms

  • Seborrhea: Excessive sebum discharge causing greasy scales.
  • Photophobia: Intense light sensitivity.
  • Miotic: Substances that cause pupil constriction.
  • Otosclerosis: Fused ossicles leading to conductive hearing loss.
  • Amblyopia: Diminished vision with no organic defect.
  • Vertigo: Dizziness or abnormal sensations of movement.

Measurement and Diagnosis

  • Hertz (Hz): Measurement unit for sound frequency.
  • Mydriatic Eye Drops: Dilate pupils for enhanced eye examination.
  • Audiologist: Specialist in hearing function evaluation and impairment detection.

Eye Structure and Function

  • Outer Eye Layers: Composed of sclera, cornea (outermost), choroid, iris, ciliary body (middle), and retina, lens (inner).
  • Light Sensitivity Neurons: Rods (dim light) and cones (color and bright light).
  • Vitreous Humor: Maintains shape of the posterior eye.
  • Aqueous Humor: Maintains eye pressure and nourishes lens and cornea.

Visual Processing

  • Light enters the cornea and is refracted.
  • The ciliary muscle adjusts the lens for focusing.
  • Photoreceptors (rods and cones) convert light to electrical impulses sent via the optic nerve to the visual cortex for interpretation as sight.

Ear Anatomy and Function

  • Outer Ear Structures: Include the auricle and external auditory canal.
  • Middle Ear: Houses the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) which transmit sound.
  • Inner Ear Structures: Comprising the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule.
  • Eustachian Tube: Balances pressure in the middle ear.
  • Cochlea: Contains the organ of Corti that has sound receptors.

Ear Conditions

  • Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes.
  • Nystagmus: Involuntary eye movement.
  • Hordeolum: Infection of the eyelid's sebaceous gland.
  • Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea.
  • Conjunctivitis: Inflammation from irritation or infection.
  • Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear.
  • Mastoiditis: Infection of the mastoid process from ear infections.

Hearing Tests

  • Weber Test: Uses a tuning fork placed at the center of the head to evaluate hearing balance in both ears.
  • Rinne Test: Compares bone conduction to air conduction using a tuning fork.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms in Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. Each card provides a clear definition of important concepts, helping you to reinforce your understanding of these fields in medicine.

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