Operating System Overview and Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a bootstrap program?

  • To execute user applications.
  • To initialize the system and load the OS kernel. (correct)
  • To optimize memory usage.
  • To manage input and output devices.

    • An interrupt is only triggered by software.

    False

    What does the abbreviation ISR stand for in the context of interrupts?

    Interrupt Service Routine

    Main memory is typically considered to be ______.

    <p>volatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of storage with their characteristics:

    <p>Main Memory = Volatile and random access Secondary Storage = Nonvolatile and large capacity ROM = Read-only memory Cache = Fastest access time but small size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total maximum score for Internal Continuous Assessment (ICA)?

    <p>50 Marks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class Test-2 is assessed for a total of 15 Marks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many assignments are required for Term-work?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presentation/implementation of a research paper is worth _____ marks.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of Internal Continuous Assessment with their respective marks:

    <p>Class Test-1 = 10 Marks Class Test-2 = 10 Marks Lab Submissions = 15 Marks Assignments = 10 Marks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for assessing Lab Submissions?

    <p>Viva + performance + Lab manual submission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Students can use GEN AI for creating and implementing their research papers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students do before writing their research paper?

    <p>Get the topic approval from faculty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of an operating system?

    <p>Efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An operating system serves as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the components of a computer system.

    <p>Hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ operating system processes jobs without user intervention.

    <p>batch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a computer system?

    <p>Artificial Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of operating systems with their descriptions:

    <p>Batch Systems = Processes jobs in batches without user interaction Time Sharing Systems = Allows multiple users to use the system simultaneously Multi-Programmed Batch Systems = Enhances CPU utilization by running multiple programs at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four main objectives of an operating system are convenience, efficiency, and the ability to evolve, and __________.

    <p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an operating system control among various applications and users?

    <p>Use of hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of the device controller?

    <p>Informs the CPU when an operation is completed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single general-purpose processor can handle multiple I/O operations concurrently.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interprocess communication?

    <p>Communication between related processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each file can be specified by giving the _____ name.

    <p>path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of computer systems with their descriptions:

    <p>Single Processor Systems = Uses one general-purpose processor Multi Processor Systems = Utilizes multiple general-purpose processors Clustered Systems = Connects multiple computers to work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common types of shells in Unix?

    <p>sh, csh, bash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CPU moves data directly between the main memory and the I/O devices without using local buffers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What character typically denotes the prompt in a Unix shell?

    <p>$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mode does the executing code have unrestricted access to the hardware?

    <p>Kernel mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crashes occurring in user mode are catastrophic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of system calls?

    <p>Interface between OS and user programs to request services from the kernel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kernel mode is reserved for the lowest-level, most trusted functions of the ______.

    <p>operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following system call types with their descriptions:

    <p>Process Control = Managing the execution of processes File Management = Handling read/write operations on files Device Management = Controlling device interactions Communication = Facilitating interaction between processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must code running in user mode do to access hardware?

    <p>Use system APIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    System calls are initiated by the hardware.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mode when a system call is executed?

    <p>It is set to kernel mode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first time-sharing operating system?

    <p>Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The processor time in a time-sharing system is dedicated to a single user until that user is done.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the old user program's data when a new user is loaded in a time-sharing system?

    <p>The old user program's data is written out to disk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RAM is divided into two distinct regions: user space and _____ space.

    <p>kernel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following OS services with their descriptions:

    <p>User Interface = Interfaces for user interaction Program Execution = Running programs Resource Allocation = Managing system resources Error Detection = Identifying errors during operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of operating system services?

    <p>Game Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kernel mode allows the processor to run user-space applications directly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of interrupts in a time-sharing system?

    <p>Interrupts allow the operating system to regain control and allocate the processor to another user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Operating System Overview

    • An operating system acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and user
    • Operating system objectives include convenience, efficiency, and the ability to evolve
    • Computer systems consist of hardware, the operating system, applications, and users
    • Four components of a computer system are user, operating system, system and application programs, and hardware
    • Hardware (CPU, memory, I/O devices) provides computing resources
    • Operating system controls and coordinates use of hardware amongst applications and users
    • Applications define how system resources are used (e.g., word processors, compilers, web browsers)
    • Users include people, machines, and other computers

    Operating System Evolution

    • Batch systems process similar jobs sequentially without user intervention
    • Multi-programmed batch systems run multiple jobs concurrently
    • Time-sharing systems rapidly switch between multiple users programs

    System Calls

    • Interface between operating system and user programs
    • Used to request operating system services
    • When a system call is activated, it triggers a software interrupt
    • Transfer of control from user mode to kernel mode

    Types of System Calls

    • Process control
    • File management
    • Device management
    • Communication
    • Memory management

    Bootstrap Program

    • Loaded at boot/reboot
    • Stored in ROM
    • Initialises system components
    • Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

    Interrupts

    • Signalled by hardware or software events
    • Hardware interrupts: signal to the CPU
    • Software interrupts: execution of a system call/monitor call
    • CPU halts current activity, transfers control to interrupt service routine (ISR)
    • ISR completes, control returns to CPU

    Storage Device Hierarchy

    • Main memory (RAM) holds programs for execution
    • RAM is random access, typically volatile, and interacts using load/store instructions
    • Secondary storage (e.g. hard drives) extends memory, provides large, non-volatile capacity

    Computer Systems Operation

    • I/O devices and CPU execute concurrently
    • Device controllers manage specific devices, including local buffers
    • CPU moves data between memory and buffers
    • Device controllers signal the CPU via interrupts when finished

    Computer System Architecture

    • Most systems use a single general-purpose processor
    • Some systems have special-purpose processors

    Processes

    • Program in execution
    • Each process has an address space, memory locations, and registers
    • Inter-process communication (IPC) refers to communication between processes

    Files

    • Systems calls for file operations
    • Directories group files
    • Path names specify files

    Shell

    • Unix command interpreter
    • Primary user interface to the operating system
    • Different types of shells (e.g., sh, csh, bash)

    Monolithic Systems

    • Large and unstructured collection of procedures
    • No information hiding
    • User-mode program calls a system service
    • System traps the call and switches executing thread to kernel-mode
    • On completion, the thread returns to user-mode

    Layered Systems

    • Operating system organised in hierarchical layers
    • Each layer builds on the lower layer
    • First layered operating system
    • Six layers in a layered OS

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    Operating System - Assessment & Evaluation Scheme PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of operating systems, including their roles as intermediaries between hardware and users. Learn about the evolution of operating systems from batch processing to time-sharing systems and understand system calls that facilitate interactions between programs and hardware. This quiz covers key concepts essential for computer science students.

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