Podcast
Questions and Answers
When an interrupt is received by the CPU, what is the first step in the process?
When an interrupt is received by the CPU, what is the first step in the process?
- The CPU immediately executes the interrupt handler.
- The CPU sends a signal to the interrupting device.
- The CPU identifies the type of interrupt. (correct)
- The CPU saves the current state of the program.
What is the main function of a device controller?
What is the main function of a device controller?
- To execute programs based on user instructions.
- To allocate resources to different devices.
- To handle user input and display output on the screen.
- To manage data transfer between a specific device and the main memory. (correct)
What type of storage is characterized by its volatility and random access capability?
What type of storage is characterized by its volatility and random access capability?
- Main memory (correct)
- Solid-state disk
- Secondary storage
- Hard disk
What is the correct order of events that occur during a computer startup?
What is the correct order of events that occur during a computer startup?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a hard disk?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a hard disk?
How does the CPU know when a device has completed an operation?
How does the CPU know when a device has completed an operation?
What is the main function of the Kernel in an operating system?
What is the main function of the Kernel in an operating system?
What is the purpose of the Bootstrap program?
What is the purpose of the Bootstrap program?
What is the purpose of a distributed lock manager (DLM) in some clusters?
What is the purpose of a distributed lock manager (DLM) in some clusters?
What is the primary reason for using a multiprogramming batch system?
What is the primary reason for using a multiprogramming batch system?
Why is multiprogramming advantageous compared to a single-user system?
Why is multiprogramming advantageous compared to a single-user system?
What is the role of the Mode bit in a computer system?
What is the role of the Mode bit in a computer system?
Which of the following is NOT a resource that a process requires to accomplish its tasks?
Which of the following is NOT a resource that a process requires to accomplish its tasks?
What occurs when a timer interrupt happens in a system?
What occurs when a timer interrupt happens in a system?
What is the key difference between a program and a process?
What is the key difference between a program and a process?
What is the primary function of a process scheduler in the operating system?
What is the primary function of a process scheduler in the operating system?
What is the primary purpose of the I/O subsystem regarding hardware devices?
What is the primary purpose of the I/O subsystem regarding hardware devices?
Which of the following is NOT a type of I/O memory management technique?
Which of the following is NOT a type of I/O memory management technique?
What is the main purpose of cache coherency in a multiprocessor system?
What is the main purpose of cache coherency in a multiprocessor system?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a security threat?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a security threat?
User ID is primarily used for what purpose in access control?
User ID is primarily used for what purpose in access control?
What is the primary purpose of group identifier (group ID) within an operating system?
What is the primary purpose of group identifier (group ID) within an operating system?
Which of the following would be considered a distributed computing environment?
Which of the following would be considered a distributed computing environment?
Which is NOT a common characteristic of tertiary storage?
Which is NOT a common characteristic of tertiary storage?
What is one of the primary roles of the OS in storage management?
What is one of the primary roles of the OS in storage management?
Which of the following are NOT considered memory management activities?
Which of the following are NOT considered memory management activities?
What distinguishes a multi-threaded process from a single-threaded process?
What distinguishes a multi-threaded process from a single-threaded process?
What is one of the primary reasons for using disks in mass storage?
What is one of the primary reasons for using disks in mass storage?
What is the primary goal of access control in file systems?
What is the primary goal of access control in file systems?
Which of the following is NOT a typical responsibility of the OS in process management?
Which of the following is NOT a typical responsibility of the OS in process management?
What is a key difference between memory management and mass storage management?
What is a key difference between memory management and mass storage management?
What is one of the key purposes of file system management?
What is one of the key purposes of file system management?
What is the primary purpose of caching in a computer system? (Select all that apply)
What is the primary purpose of caching in a computer system? (Select all that apply)
Which of these storage devices typically acts as a cache for another storage device? (Select all that apply)
Which of these storage devices typically acts as a cache for another storage device? (Select all that apply)
In the context of DMA (Direct Memory Access), what type of device commonly transfers data directly to main memory bypassing the CPU?
In the context of DMA (Direct Memory Access), what type of device commonly transfers data directly to main memory bypassing the CPU?
Which of these characteristics distinguishes timesharing (multitasking) systems from traditional batch processing systems?
Which of these characteristics distinguishes timesharing (multitasking) systems from traditional batch processing systems?
What is the key purpose of the Direct Memory Access (DMA) mechanism?
What is the key purpose of the Direct Memory Access (DMA) mechanism?
What is a primary advantage of multiprocessor systems over single-processor systems?
What is a primary advantage of multiprocessor systems over single-processor systems?
In a timesharing system, what happens when a process needs more memory than is available?
In a timesharing system, what happens when a process needs more memory than is available?
What is the primary role of CPU scheduling in a timesharing system?
What is the primary role of CPU scheduling in a timesharing system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of interactive computing?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of interactive computing?
What is the main difference between asymmetric and symmetric multiprocessing?
What is the main difference between asymmetric and symmetric multiprocessing?
What is a common way for systems in a cluster to share storage?
What is a common way for systems in a cluster to share storage?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a clustered system?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a clustered system?
Which of the following is a common configuration for asymmetric clustering?
Which of the following is a common configuration for asymmetric clustering?
Flashcards
Interrupt Handling
Interrupt Handling
Process where code determines actions for identified interrupts.
Operating System Roles
Operating System Roles
Manages resources and executes programs while preventing errors.
Kernel
Kernel
Core program of the operating system that manages system resources.
Bootstrap Program
Bootstrap Program
Initial program loaded at powerup from ROM to start the OS.
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Computer System Operation
Computer System Operation
CPUs and device controllers compete for access to shared memory.
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Concurrent Operations
Concurrent Operations
CPU and I/O devices operate simultaneously with local buffers.
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Main Memory
Main Memory
Volatile storage that allows random access but loses data if turned off.
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Secondary Storage
Secondary Storage
Non-volatile storage providing large capacity and retains data when powered off.
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Registers
Registers
Small, fast storage locations in CPU for immediate data access.
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Cache
Cache
Temporary storage that holds frequently accessed data for faster retrieval.
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Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
A method where devices transfer data to memory without CPU intervention.
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Timesharing (Multitasking)
Timesharing (Multitasking)
Allows multiple users to interact with jobs simultaneously on a CPU.
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Cache Management
Cache Management
The process of determining what data to keep in the cache and when to replace it.
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User Interaction in Computing
User Interaction in Computing
The level of engagement a user has with a computer system during program execution.
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Symmetric Clustering
Symmetric Clustering
Multiple nodes run applications and monitor each other for reliability.
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CPU Scheduling
CPU Scheduling
The method used to manage which process gains CPU time in a multitasking environment.
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Purpose of High-Performance Computing
Purpose of High-Performance Computing
Clusters are often used for parallel processing to increase efficiency.
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Response Time Requirement
Response Time Requirement
The time it takes for a system to respond to user inputs, ideally under 1 second in interactive systems.
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Distributed Lock Manager (DLM)
Distributed Lock Manager (DLM)
Used in clusters to prevent conflicting operations between nodes.
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Multiprogramming
Multiprogramming
Manages multiple jobs to keep CPU and I/O busy.
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Virtual Memory Purpose
Virtual Memory Purpose
Allows execution of processes that aren't fully loaded in physical memory, enabling multitasking.
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Process vs Program
Process vs Program
A process is a program in execution; a program is static.
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Multiprocessor Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Computer systems with multiple processors that can work on tasks simultaneously for efficiency.
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Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Multiprocessing
Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Multiprocessing
Asymmetric assigns specific tasks to processors, while symmetric allows all to perform all tasks.
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Mode Bit
Mode Bit
Hardware component that distinguishes user mode from kernel mode operations.
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Clustered Systems
Clustered Systems
Systems with multiple processing units working together, similar to multiprocessor systems.
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Timer Interrupt
Timer Interrupt
Triggers to prevent processes from consuming excessive resources.
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Process Termination
Process Termination
Occurs when a process finishes execution and releases resources.
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High Availability in Clusters
High Availability in Clusters
The primary benefit of clustered systems, ensuring services continue despite failures.
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Disk Subsystem
Disk Subsystem
The hardware and algorithms that affect computer speed.
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Free Space Management
Free Space Management
OS activity that tracks available storage space.
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Tertiary Storage
Tertiary Storage
Includes optical storage and magnetic tapes, can be WORM or RW.
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Cache Coherency
Cache Coherency
Ensures all CPUs have the latest cache values.
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Buffering
Buffering
Temporarily storing data during transfer.
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Spooling
Spooling
Overlapping job outputs with inputs for efficiency.
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User Identity
User Identity
Unique identifiers for users like user ID and security ID.
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Privilege Escalation
Privilege Escalation
When a user gains elevated rights in the system.
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Single-threaded process
Single-threaded process
A process with one program counter, executing instructions sequentially.
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Multi-threaded process
Multi-threaded process
A process with multiple program counters, each thread executes independently.
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Process concurrency
Process concurrency
Multiple processes running at the same time on CPUs.
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OS responsibilities in process management
OS responsibilities in process management
Creating, deleting, suspending, resuming processes, and handling synchronization.
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Memory management
Memory management
Tracks memory usage, allocates/deallocates memory as needed for processes.
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Storage management
Storage management
OS abstracts physical storage to provide a logical view of data.
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File organization
File organization
Files are structured in directories for easy access.
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Access control in file system
Access control in file system
Determines who can access which files within the system.
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Operating System Introduction
- An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware.
- Operating systems aim to execute user programs, solve user problems, enhance usability, and efficiently use computer hardware.
- Computer systems consist of hardware, operating systems, application programs, and users.
- Different types of systems cater to various users and devices (e.g., shared, handheld, dedicated, embedded).
Operating System Components and Functions
- Interrupts: Transfer control to interrupt service routines via interrupt vectors. Interrupt architecture saves interrupted instruction addresses.
- Traps/Exceptions: Software-generated interrupts, either errors or user requests.
- Interrupt-driven OS: Responds to events via interrupts, typically through polling or vectored interrupt systems.
- Device Status Table: Contains info about 1/0 devices (type, address, status)
- System Calls: User requests to the OS for 1/0 completion.
- Kernel: A core part of the OS, running continuously, distinct from other system or application programs.
- Bootstrap: A ROM-resident program that initializes the system and loads the OS.
Computer System Operation
-
Concurrent Operations: CPU and 1/0 devices execute concurrently. Data transfer involves local buffers.
-
Storage Hierarchy: Organized by speed, cost, and volatility (registers, cache, main memory, SSD, hard disk, optical disk, magnetic tape).
- Caching copies information from slower to faster storage for performance.
- If information is found in cache, it's utilized directly. Otherwise, it's loaded from the slower storage.
Time Sharing (Multitasking)
- Time-sharing (Multitasking): Allows multiple users to interact with jobs seemingly simultaneously.
- Multiprogramming (Batch): Primarily used for efficiency.
- Multitasking goals: short response times, interaction, memory and CPU/I/O utilization.
- Scheduling: Process selection for CPU execution
- Swapping/Virtual Memory: Allows running processes not fully in memory.
Multiprocessor Systems
- Asymmetric Multiprocessing: Each processor performs specific tasks.
- Symmetric Multiprocessing: All processors perform all tasks.
- Advantages: Increased throughput, economy of scale, increased reliability (fault tolerance).
Dual-Mode Operation
- Allows OS protection of itself and system components by designating privileged instructions.
- The mode bit distinguishes between user and kernel mode.
- System calls change mode to kernel and restore it to user.
Process Management
- Process: A program in execution; it's active, instead of passive like a program.
- Requirements: CPU, memory, 1/0, files, initialization data.
- Termination: Reclaims resources.
- A multitasking environment must manage the values of processes.
Memory Management
- Memory management: Tracks what's in memory and which processes use it.
- Activities: Optimizing CPU utilization and response time, allocating/deallocating memory, swapping processes in/out.
Storage Management
- Role: Provides a uniform logical view of storage devices (disks, tapes) hiding physical properties.
- Properties: Access speed, capacity, data transfer rate, access method
- Activities: Free space management, storage allocation, disk scheduling.
I/O Subsystem
- Role: Hides device peculiarities, provides general drivers and specific drivers.
- Memory Management of I/O: Includes buffering, caching, spooling.
- Buffering: Temporarily stores data during transfer.
- Caching: Stores parts of data in faster storage.
- Spooling: Overlaps output with input of other jobs.
Protection and Security
- Protection: Controlling process/user access to resources.
- Security: Protecting against internal/external threats.
- Threats: Denial of service, worms, viruses, identity theft, theft of service.
- Distinguishing users and granting access via user IDs (security ID), group ID.
- Privilege escalation: Access with more rights.
Computing Environments
- Traditional Computing: Stand-alone general-purpose machine.
- Mobile Computing: Handheld smartphones, tablets.
- Distributed Computing: Networked systems, client-server systems/computing.
- Client-server: Client requests, server provides services; file servers, compute servers.
Open Source Operating Systems
- Open source OS's are available with source code, unlike closed source (binary format).
- Open source movement began with the Free Software Foundation and the GNU General Public License (GPL).
- Examples: GNU/Linux, BSD UNIX.
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