Open-Source and Access Movements

Open Culture

• Linux, an open-source operating system kernel, allows users to modify and distribute their versions of the software.

Free Culture

• Free culture promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works without compensation to or consent of the original creators.
• The movement objects to over-restrictive copyright laws, which are seen as hindering creativity and promoting a "permission culture".
• Open Licensing: Free culture relies on licenses like Creative Commons, which allow creators to specify the extent of freedoms they grant to users.
• Example: Wikipedia operates under a Creative Commons license, allowing anyone to use, edit, and redistribute its content.
• Open Source Software: Making the source code of software freely available, allowing anyone to study, modify, and distribute it.
• Remix Culture: Encouraging the creation of new works by remixing or combining existing ones, fostering creativity and cultural exchange.
• Example: Creative projects on platforms like YouTube, where content creators remix music, videos, or other media to create new and transformative works.
• Public Domain Initiatives: Works whose copyrights have expired or are deliberately placed in the public domain for unrestricted use by anyone.
• Example: Project Gutenberg offers a vast collection of public domain books available for free download and use.
• Open Educational Resources (OER): Educational materials are shared freely for anyone to use, adapt, and distribute.
• Example: Khan Academy offers a wide range of educational resources, including videos, exercises, and lessons, freely accessible to learners worldwide.

Open Innovation

• Open innovation is a business management model for innovation that promotes collaboration with people and organizations outside the company.
• It acknowledges that there are many bright professionals and greater knowledge outside the organization.
• Companies implement open innovation practices in different ways, such as alliances between companies, research chairs in universities, crowdsourcing competitions, and innovation ecosystems.

Open Access

• Open access is a set of principles and practices that distribute research outputs online, free of cost or other access barriers.
• Open access reduces or removes barriers to copying or reuse by applying an open license for copyright.
• Many research papers have shown that open-access articles are viewed more often than articles that are only available to subscribers and are cited more often.
• Open access articles in hybrid journals attract more downloads, citations, and attention compared to those published behind a paywall.
• Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, monographs, and images.
• Examples of reputable open-access publishers and platforms:
  • DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
  • SpringerOpen
  • PLOS (Public Library of Science)
  • Frontiers
  • MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)
  • Hindawi

Online Social Network

• Advantages:
  • Helps connect with people around the world
  • Get feedback on ideas immediately
  • Information spreads incredibly fast
  • Publish advertisement at low cost
  • Helps in branding and business growth
• Disadvantages:
  • Leaked information and can be misused
  • Privacy concerns related to personal data
  • Cyberbullying cases have increased
  • Severe distraction - addiction
  • Health issues - sleep disorder

Open Government

• Open government is the concept that holds that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight.
• Purpose: to make government accountable, responsible, efficient, and transparent.
• Open government involves the opening up of government processes, proceedings, documents, and data for public analysis and involvement.