OOP vs Procedural Programming in C++

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• OOP is a programming style centered around the concept of "classes" and "objects".
• Objects represent real-world entities (e.g., a car, a chair).
• Classes act as blueprints for objects, defining their properties (variables) and behaviors (methods/functions).

Procedural Programming

• Instructions are executed sequentially, step by step.
• Variables and functions are stored in separate memory locations.
• Easy to follow program flow.
• Data is exposed to the entire program, posing security concerns.

Advantages of Procedural Programming

• Relatively simple to implement compilers and interpreters.
• Ability to reuse code in different parts of the program without copying.
• Easier to keep track of progamm flow.
• Uses less computer memory

Disadvantages of Procedural Programming

• Data is exposed to the whole program, lacks security for data.
• Difficult to model real-world scenarios through objects.

What is C++?

• C++ is a multi-paradigm programming language supporting object-oriented programming.
• It was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983 at Bell Labs.
• C++ is an extension (superset) of the C programming language.

Parts of a C++ Program

• C++ Headers: Include libraries needed for functions. (e.g., <iostream>)
• Class Definition: Defines the structure of objects.
• Member Function Definition: Defines the behaviors of objects within a class.
• Main Function: The starting point of execution (entry point)

What is a Class?

• The fundamental building block in OOP, leading to object-oriented programming.
• A class defines a new user-defined data type, managing its data members and member functions.
• Classes function as blueprints or templates for creating objects.
• Classes allow data and functions to be hidden if needed for security.

What is Object?

• An object is instances of a class, an entity having properties (data members) and behaviors (member functions).
• Memory is allocated when an object is created.
• Objects are identified by unique names.
• An object represents a specific instance of a class.

Encapsulation

• Bundles data and function together into a unit, the class.
• This practice hides data, improving data security.
• Encapsulation is achieved through user-defined data type classes.

Abstraction

• Provides only essential information to the outside.
• Internal details are hidden.
• This concept is to present functionality without details.
• A real world example is a mobile phone: you don't need to know how the phone works, you just use it to make a call.

Polymorphism

• The ability of an object to take on many forms.
• Method overloading and overriding enable polymorphism to represent similar operations in different ways.
• Polymorphism in object-oriented programming facilitates flexibility and extensibility.
  • example: a "draw" method for different shapes.

Inheritance

• The ability of a class to acquire the properties and behaviors of another class (parent class/base class).
• This enables code reusability - creates a new class (derived class) from existing one.
• It forms a hierarchical structure of classes.

Data Types (C++)

• A data type defines the type of value and operations you can perform on it.
• C++ has built-in types, derived types, and user-defined types.
  • Integer types (e.g., int, char).
  • Floating-point types (e.g., float, double).
  • Boolean type (bool).
  • User-defined types (e.g., classes).

What are Tokens?

• The smallest meaningful elements of a C++ program.
• Types include Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Strings, Special Symbols, and Operators

Keywords

• Reserved words with predefined meanings in C++.
• Examples are used for special purposes or operations.

Identifiers

• Names used for variables, functions, and other program elements.
• They must comply with specific naming conventions.

Constants

• Values that remain unchanged throughout the program's execution.
• Their values are fixed, not changeable.

Variables

• Represent memory locations with names, holding values that can change during program execution.

Namespaces

• Organize identifiers to prevent naming conflicts among different parts of a program.
• Namespaces provide a scope for identifiers.

Comments

• Programmer-readable explanations or annotations in code.
• Do not affect program execution.

Input/Output Statements (I/O)

• Stream operations transfer data.
• Output moves data from memory to devices.
• Input moves data from devices to memory.

Operators

• Symbols indicating operations to be performed.
• Examples include assignment operators, arithmetic operators, relational operators, logical operators, increment/decrement operators, conditional operators, sizeof operators, and comma operators.

Conditional Statements

• Statements that control the flow of a program in response to true/false conditions (e.g., if, else if, else).
• if statements execute a block if a condition is true.
• else if statements check additional conditions if the preceding if or else if condition is false.
• else statements execute if all preceding conditions are false.

Loops

• Structures to repeatedly execute a block of code under specific conditions.
• while loops iterate as long as a condition remains true.
• do-while loops execute at least once, checking the condition after each iteration.
• for loops iterate a controlled number of times.
• Nested loops are loops within loops.

Nested Statements (if, for, while)

• Placing a control statement (if, for, while, etc) inside another control statement.
• Creates complex logic and control flow.

goto statement

• Allows for an unconditional jump from one point in the code to another, labeled statement in the same function.
• A goto statement skips over certain code sections.

continue

• The continue statement goes to the start of the loop's loop control (condition checking) to execute next loop iteration completely skipping any code between the continue and the end of the current iteration.

This quiz explores the key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and Procedural Programming, with a specific focus on C++. Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of each programming style, and how they are implemented in C++. Test your understanding of this fundamental topic in computer science.