Oncology Week 12 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is dysplasia characterized by?

Uncontrolled cell growth

Loss of differentiation and irregular shape of cells

Change in size, shape, and arrangement of normal cells into abnormal cells (correct)

Programmed cell death of normal cells

What is angiogenesis in the context of cancer?

Changes in DNA that lead to loss of differentiation

The process of programmed cell death

Development of a tumor's own blood supply (correct)

The uncontrolled growth of cancer cells

Which of the following is a leading cause of cancer among men in North America?

Liver cancer

Breast cancer

Prostate cancer (correct)

Throat cancer

Which dietary factors are mentioned as potential causes of cancer?

High calories, alcohol, and cured meats Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with cervical and vaginal cancer?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily evaluated through tumor markers such as CEA and PSA?

Presence of cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides the most detailed pictures of soft tissues, such as in cancer diagnosis?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What does stage 0 cancer indicate?

The cancer is localized and encapsulated Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher TMN classification stage generally indicate?

More lymph node involvement Signup and view all the answers

What signifies a grade 4 tumor in terms of cell abnormality?

Highly abnormal tissue with no resemblance Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary prevention method for reducing cancer risk?

Vaccination for HPV Signup and view all the answers

What occurs due to myelosuppression in cancer patients?

Diminished immune function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a tertiary prevention strategy?

Regular PAP tests for early detection Signup and view all the answers

What role do T cells play in the immune system's response to cancer?

They directly attack cancer cells and release cytokines. Signup and view all the answers

How can reducing alcohol intake help in cancer prevention?

It helps prevent cancers of the mouth, throat, and esophagus. Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic distinguishes malignant cells from benign cells?

Malignant cells infiltrate surrounding tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of DNA damage in cells?

Cells may undergo abnormal growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about benign tumors is true?

They are usually harmless and often do not spread. Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperplasia?

An increase in the number of cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do oncogenes contribute to cancer development?

They promote cell division after a genetic mutation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common pathway for the metastasis of breast cancer?

Spreads to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of normal cells?

Tight adherence and orderly division. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical growth pattern of malignant tumors?

Rapid and uncontrolled. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors could lead to a failure of the immune system in recognizing cancer?

The tumor growing larger than the immune system's capacity Signup and view all the answers

What are common lifestyle modifications associated with primary prevention of cancer?

Vaccination against HPV and cessation of smoking Signup and view all the answers

At what age is it typically recommended to begin regular colonoscopy screenings for colorectal cancer?

At 50, depending on insurance policy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following consequences is associated with myelosuppression in cancer patients?

Decreased production of normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of tertiary prevention in cancer care?

To provide rehabilitation and minimize recurrence after diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What cellular process is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of cells?

Neoplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the concept of cells losing their normal differentiation and acquiring irregular shapes?

Anaplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of angiogenesis in tumor development?

Provides the tumor with its own blood supply Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genetic factors is linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers?

BRCA gene mutations Signup and view all the answers

What dietary component is associated with a higher risk of cancer due to its preservative properties?

Processed meats Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cancer cells is correct?

Cancer cells are characterized by a larger nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of growth for benign tumors?

They are encapsulated and do not metastasize. Signup and view all the answers

How do malignant tumors typically behave compared to benign tumors?

Malignant tumors are undifferentiated and infiltrate tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of oncogenes in cancer development?

They promote cell division and can lead to genetic mutations. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lung cancer metastasis, which of the following organs is commonly affected?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference in the cell growth pattern between hyperplasia and malignant tumors?

Hyperplasia can involve both normal and abnormal cells, while malignant tumors are always harmful. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of normal cells?

Normal cells maintain structured growth and a smaller nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct definition of metaplasia?

The transformation of one type of cell to another. Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated level of tumor markers such as CEA or PSA typically indicate?

The possibility of cancer requiring further investigation Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is primarily used to visualize soft tissue and is often recommended for cancer detection?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Stage 3 cancer typically indicates which of the following concerning the disease's progression?

There is a higher likelihood of metastasis compared to Stage 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when determining the TMN classification in cancer staging?

Presence of cancer in the blood system Signup and view all the answers

Grading a tumor involves assessing which of the following characteristics?

The abnormality of the cells in the tumor compared to normal tissue Signup and view all the answers

What unique growth characteristic is associated with neoplasia?

Uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is not typically linked to cancer development?

Regular physical exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer-related factor is primarily responsible for the escape from programmed cell death?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is commonly associated with the BRCA gene mutations?

Breast and ovarian cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer?

Epstein-Barr virus Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is specifically used to detect the presence of breast cancer?

Mammography Signup and view all the answers

What does a TMN classification of N3 typically indicate about cancer?

Extensive involvement of lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

When assessing whether cancer has spread, which of the following markers may signal potential prostate cancer?

PSA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to the failure of the immune system to recognize cancer cells?

The tumor growing within a protective fibrous capsule Signup and view all the answers

In cancer grading, which grade typically indicates the most abnormal tissue structure?

Grade 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered part of secondary prevention for cancer?

Regular mammograms starting at age 40 Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a stage 4 cancer diagnosis?

Cancer has spread to other organs and tissues Signup and view all the answers

What impact does myelosuppression have on a cancer patient's immune system?

Decreased production of white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for primary cancer prevention?

Using sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of cancer spreading to vital organs?

Causes alteration in the function of involved organs Signup and view all the answers

What defines malignant tumors in comparison to benign tumors?

They infiltrate surrounding tissues and may metastasize. Signup and view all the answers

How do oncogenes influence cancer cell behavior?

They enhance cell division and lead to genetic mutations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of normal cells as opposed to cancer cells?

Normal cells grow in an orderly pattern with a smaller nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. Signup and view all the answers

Which description accurately reflects the process of metaplasia?

It involves a reversible change of one type of cell into another. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the growth rate and behavior of benign tumors?

They are usually well differentiated and slow-growing. Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells acquire invasive characteristics?

They undergo genetic mutations that enhance their survival. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hyperplasia and cancer risk?

Hyperplasia signifies an increase in cell numbers, which can be normal or abnormal. Signup and view all the answers

Which pathways are commonly associated with the metastasis of specific cancers?

Colorectal cancer commonly spreads to the liver and brain. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered tertiary prevention in cancer care?

Rehabilitation and care after diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk linked to myelosuppression in cancer patients?

Increased susceptibility to infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between dysplasia and anaplasia?

Dysplasia refers to abnormal cell arrangements, while anaplasia focuses on irregular structural changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended primary prevention strategy to reduce the risk of cancer?

Vaccination against hepatitis B Signup and view all the answers

How does angiogenesis contribute to tumor growth?

It helps the tumor establish its own blood supply. Signup and view all the answers

The failure of the immune system to recognize cancer cells can result from which of the following?

Tumor growth beyond immune system management Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the effect of age on cancer incidence?

Individuals over age 65 are more frequently affected by cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What role do certain dietary factors play in cancer development?

They can act as carcinogens that increase cancer risk. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of cancer metastasis into vital organs?

Destruction of normal tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of factors like exposure to UV radiation and tobacco?

They contribute to mutations that can initiate cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What does staging of cancer primarily assess?

The size of the tumor and lymph node involvement Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique uses radioisotopes to visualize potential cancer hotspots in the body?

PET scan Signup and view all the answers

In cancer grading, what does a grade 0 signify?

Normal tissue appearance and function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bodily fluids may be tested for lung cancer detection?

Pleural effusion Signup and view all the answers

Stage 4 cancer is characterized by what specific condition?

Cancer that has metastasized to multiple organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of malignant tumor cells compared to benign tumor cells?

Malignant tumor cells infiltrate surrounding tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between oncogenes and cancer development?

Oncogenes promote cell division in abnormal cells. Signup and view all the answers

Why might benign tumors sometimes require removal?

They can obstruct the function of nearby organs. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates hyperplasia from malignant tumor growth?

Hyperplasia involves a regulated increase in cell population. Signup and view all the answers

How does the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio in malignant cells typically compare to that in normal cells?

It is usually larger in malignant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism explains the spread of cancer through the body?

Cancer cells can infiltrate lymph and blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general outcome of cell mutation due to oncogenic transformation?

Proliferation of cells with invasive characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the change of one cell type into another and its effects on surrounding tissues?

Metaplasia. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oncology Week 12

Cancer's Pathophysiology: Cancer involves altered cell growth and damaged DNA in cells. Normal cells adhere, grow orderly, undergo controlled mitosis, and have a smaller nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. Cancer cells lack purpose, show disordered growth, divide continuously, and contain abnormal chromosomes. They have a larger nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and loose adherence. Oncogenes promote cell division.
Cancer Cell Development: Cancer cells arise from mutations that transform these cells, forming clones. These clones proliferate and acquire invasive characteristics, gaining access to lymph and blood vessels.
Benign Tumors: Benign tumors are typically harmless, not invasive, and remain contained. They resemble the original tissue and don't spread (metastasize) or cause death unless they obstruct critical functions due to their location.
Malignant Tumors: Malignant tumors are cancerous, invasive, often cause death, and spread to other regions of the body through metastasis. They are usually poorly differentiated, meaning they look very different from the original tissue and have significant growth and damage.
Hyperplasia and Metaplasia: Hyperplasia involves increased cell number (either normal or abnormal), while metaplasia involves a change from one cell type to another and can affect surrounding tissues. These changes can be indicators or even a part of cancerous processes.

Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests: Testing for cancer involves assessments of various body parts/fluids, including imaging (mammograms, X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs, PET scans, ultrasounds, endoscopy) and lab work (tumour markers like PSA and CEA).
Staging and Grading: Staging categorizes the extent of cancer, its spread, and location (1-4), while grading signifies how abnormal the tumour cells appear, their resemblance to the original tissue.

Cancer Prevention and Epidemiology

Risk Factors: Smoking, exposure to carcinogens (UV radiation, chemicals), and genetic predispositions increase cancer risk. Hormonal factors, like synthetic estrogen, can also influence cancer development.
Prevention Strategies: Primarily, vaccines, avoiding carcinogens, managing lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, sun safety, etc), and early detection are crucial in cancer prevention.
Epidemiology: Cancer affects many people globally, disproportionately impacting older adults. The most common types differ between males and females. Early detection is vital.

Cancer Treatment and Outcomes

Cancer Treatment: Therapies for cancer treatment may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and various targeted biological therapies.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the pathophysiology of cancer, the development of cancer cells, and the distinctions between benign and malignant tumors. This quiz will cover essential concepts that are fundamental in understanding oncology. Enhance your understanding of cancer biology today!