Oncology Part 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of myeloablative chemotherapy before a bone marrow transplant?

  • To manage mild infections
  • To provide nutrients to the bone marrow
  • To completely eliminate the bone marrow and cancer cells (correct)
  • To improve organ function in older patients

Which of the following is a characteristic of an allogenic bone marrow transplant?

  • Stem cells are harvested from the patient’s own body
  • Stem cells are sourced from a matched external donor (correct)
  • It requires less rigorous chemotherapy beforehand
  • Stem cells are taken from an identical twin

Which dietary guideline should a patient undergoing chemotherapy follow?

  • Consume raw fruits and vegetables for vitamins
  • Drink unpasteurized milk for calcium intake
  • Avoid listeria found in deli meats (correct)
  • Eat undercooked meats for better flavor

What are typical symptoms a patient may experience within the first week after chemotherapy?

<p>Fatigue and shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of patients are most likely to undergo non-myeloablative chemotherapy?

<p>Older patients or those with decreased organ function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom of hyperphosphatemia?

<p>Constipation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of SIADH in cancer patients?

<p>Tumor-induced release of ADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate fluid restriction for a patient with SIADH?

<p>500-1000 ml per day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) threshold that indicates a severe risk for infection?

<p>Less than 500 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is essential for a patient experiencing neutropenia?

<p>Implement neutropenic precautions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the positive effect that donor cells have on malignant cells after a transplant?

<p>Graft vs Tumor effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a severe complication that can arise from graft vs host disease?

<p>Jaundice and elevated liver enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern during the occurrence of tumor lysis syndrome?

<p>Hyperkalemia and cardiac issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment during engraftment syndrome?

<p>Blood products or corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may indicate that chemotherapy is successfully destroying cancer cells?

<p>Tumor lysis syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Nucogen subcutaneously administered?

<p>Stimulates bone marrow to produce WBCs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with the use of Epogen?

<p>High blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interleukin, also known as Numega, is primarily used for which condition?

<p>Low platelet counts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from certain chemotherapy agents that necessitates monitoring BUN and creatinine levels?

<p>Kidney damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice when preparing for chemotherapy administration?

<p>Disposing into regular waste containers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action in the event of a chemotherapy spill?

<p>Cover the spill with a chemo spill kit and notify housekeeping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What monitoring should be performed before administering chemotherapy?

<p>Educating about normal and abnormal symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following side effects is most associated with Interleukin treatment?

<p>Pulmonary edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for dry mouth that can alter appetite and nutrition due to radiation effects?

<p>Xerostomia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?

<p>To systematically reduce tumor size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with chemotherapy?

<p>Anorexia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if a patient undergoing chemotherapy has a low white blood cell count?

<p>Hold the chemotherapy treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of desquamation indicates the presence of an ulcer or wound on the skin?

<p>Erythema wet desquamation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myelosuppression and what does it affect?

<p>It results in decreased blood cell production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly seen after chemotherapy administration?

<p>Rapid weight gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if extravasation of a vesicant occurs during chemotherapy administration?

<p>Stop the infusion immediately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering filgrastim after chemotherapy?

<p>To stimulate white blood cell production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are chemotherapy dosages typically determined?

<p>Based on body weight and previous treatment responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution is recommended during chemotherapy treatment concerning bodily fluids?

<p>Double gloving and flushing twice of bodily fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect should patients undergoing chemotherapy be warned about in terms of cognitive function?

<p>Decreased cognitive function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of cryotherapy in relation to chemotherapy?

<p>To minimize hair loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in fatigue during radiation treatments imply?

<p>Increased energy required to repair damaged cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT indicative of potential cancer?

<p>A persistent mild headache (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of cancer management?

<p>Complete eradication of the malignancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surgery involves the removal of at-risk tissue?

<p>Prophylactic surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of palliative care in cancer treatment?

<p>To relieve symptoms and complications associated with cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment modality is NOT commonly used in combination with others for effective cancer treatment?

<p>Homeopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes myeloablative chemotherapy?

<p>It is a high dose chemotherapy with total body radiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern when a patient undergoes a non-myeloablative transplant?

<p>Inability to tolerate high-dose chemotherapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transplant uses the patient's own stem cells?

<p>Autologous transplant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of engraftment after a bone marrow transplant?

<p>To allow the new bone marrow to start producing blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food item is considered safe for a neutropenic diet?

<p>Pasteurized milk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the graft vs tumor effect in transplantation?

<p>Donor cells help to eliminate malignant cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is associated with graft vs host disease?

<p>Skin rash and mucosal inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator of tumor lysis syndrome?

<p>Electrolyte imbalances such as hyperkalemia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for engraftment syndrome?

<p>Blood products and corticosteroids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are expected during a transfusion reaction?

<p>Fever, chills, and chest pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Nucogen?

<p>Stimulates bone marrow to produce white blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is associated with the use of Epogen?

<p>High blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interleukin, also called Numega, is primarily indicated for what condition?

<p>Low platelet counts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise due to certain chemotherapy agents, requiring monitoring of BUN and creatinine?

<p>Kidney damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which precaution is essential when preparing chemotherapy solutions?

<p>Wearing PPE and double gloves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a chemotherapy spill, what is the first recommended action?

<p>Cover the spill with a chemo spill kit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients undergoing chemotherapy be educated about regarding abnormal symptoms?

<p>Notify the doctor about any significant changes after treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of Interleukin treatment?

<p>Pulmonary edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with acute kidney injury caused by uric acid deposition?

<p>Flank pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to decrease uric acid levels in patients experiencing acute kidney injury?

<p>Alopurinol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern in patients with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome?

<p>Inability to breathe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment may be required for patients experiencing spinal cord compression due to a tumor?

<p>Corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of hypercalcemia related to cancer invading the bone?

<p>Weakness and confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential treatment approach for superior vena cava syndrome caused by a tumor?

<p>Radiation therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary component may be beneficial to alkalinize urine in cases of uric acid-related acute kidney injury?

<p>Sodium bicarbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is important in managing acute kidney injury associated with elevated potassium levels?

<p>Administering insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with hyponatremia caused by SIADH?

<p>Lethargy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restricting fluids for a patient with SIADH?

<p>To prevent water intoxication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical nursing intervention for a cancer patient with a low absolute neutrophil count?

<p>Monitor for signs of infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a nurse respond to a cancer patient experiencing emotional distress related to their illness?

<p>Discuss fears and expectations with the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended dietary consideration for a patient on neutropenic precautions?

<p>Utilizing a high-protein diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with mucositis caused by radiation treatment?

<p>Pain and sores in the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of chemotherapy related to blood production?

<p>Myelosuppression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication of wet desquamation?

<p>Presence of an ulcer or wound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with both chemotherapy and radiation treatment?

<p>Loss of appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential step before administering chemotherapy?

<p>Checking for signs of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cryotherapy assist patients undergoing chemotherapy?

<p>It helps manage hair loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected timing for blood counts to be at their lowest after chemotherapy?

<p>7-14 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for patients experiencing neutropenia due to chemotherapy?

<p>Higher risk for infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a long-term effect of radiation treatment on tissue?

<p>Formation of scar tissue leading to fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precaution that must be taken during chemotherapy treatment?

<p>Flushing bodily fluids twice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?

<p>To control and shrink tumors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes cytopenia as a side effect of radiation?

<p>Decrease in platelets due to radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chemotherapy treatment cycles, what factor is crucial for determining dosage?

<p>The previous response and body weight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of chemotherapy on cognitive function?

<p>Decrease in cognitive function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of palliative care in cancer treatment?

<p>It seeks to relieve symptoms and complications associated with the disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym CAUTION stand for in relation to cancer warning signs?

<p>Change in bowel patterns, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, nagging cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surgical procedure involves the removal of tissue that is considered at-risk for developing cancer?

<p>Prophylactic surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is cytoreductive surgery typically performed?

<p>At the end stage of cancer to decrease tumor size when complete removal isn’t possible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tumor lysis syndrome during chemotherapy?

<p>Rapid destruction of malignant cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the symptoms associated with graft vs host disease?

<p>Skin rash, mucosal inflammation, and jaundice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes engraftment syndrome?

<p>A reaction involving noninfectious fevers and skin rashes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential effects of tumor lysis syndrome if not adequately managed?

<p>Hyperkalemia and cardiac issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common immediate reaction a patient may experience during a bone marrow transplant?

<p>Chills, fever, and shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of performing a myeloablative chemotherapy prior to a bone marrow transplant?

<p>It completely eliminates the existing cancer cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a bone marrow transplant, what is meant by 'engraftment'?

<p>The phase where the new bone marrow begins functioning effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary guideline is crucial for patients following a neutropenic diet?

<p>Avoiding all raw fruits and vegetables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an allogenic transplant from an autologous transplant?

<p>An autologous transplant uses stem cells from the patient's own body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemotherapy is typically used for older patients or those with decreased organ function prior to a bone marrow transplant?

<p>Non-myeloablative chemotherapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of palliative care in cancer treatment?

<p>To improve quality of life and provide symptom relief (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation therapy uses a high dose over a short period?

<p>SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a dosimeter in radiation therapy settings?

<p>To measure exposure to radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from radiation therapy that affects the superior vena cava?

<p>Superior vena cava syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect commonly results from radiation therapy directly targeting the skin?

<p>Skin dermatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the use of proton therapy?

<p>It delivers radiation in a more linear fashion than other therapies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept of neoadjuvant therapy?

<p>Therapy given prior to the main treatment to reduce tumor size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution is essential when caring for patients receiving temporary radiation therapy?

<p>Limited visitors to those over 30 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is commonly associated with side effects of radiation therapy?

<p>Altered taste sensations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle to follow when working in a radiation therapy environment?

<p>Implement time, distance, and shielding protocols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary treatment to manage elevated uric acid levels in patients with acute kidney injury caused by uric acid deposits?

<p>Aggressive IV fluid administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)?

<p>Facial edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is typically prioritized to manage respiratory concerns in a patient with SVCS?

<p>Increase the head of the bed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication approach is indicated for managing hypercalcemia in cancer patients?

<p>Using corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of spinal cord compression due to a tumor?

<p>Loss of bladder control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with acute kidney injury due to uric acid deposits?

<p>Euphoria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern when treating patients with both cancer and potential complications from complementary medicine?

<p>Drug interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with a tumor obstructing blood flow through the superior vena cava?

<p>Superior vena cava syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom of hyponatremia due to SIADH?

<p>Personality changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid intake recommendation is appropriate for a patient with SIADH?

<p>500-1000 ml a day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is crucial for a patient at risk for infection due to low WBC counts?

<p>Strict hygiene practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern for patients experiencing hyperphosphatemia?

<p>Constipation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase typically shows the lowest white blood cell counts post-chemotherapy?

<p>Nadir phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of hospice care?

<p>Patients are expected to have six months or less to live. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate a patient is nearing the end of life?

<p>Drowsiness and fewer interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common response when a patient's respiration is affected during end-of-life care?

<p>Prioritize pain management over respiratory concerns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of a 'death rattle' indicate in a patient?

<p>Accumulation of secretions in the throat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering spiritual care for hospice patients, which approach is most beneficial?

<p>Engage in therapeutic communication and listen to patient concerns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs might suggest a patient is approaching imminent death?

<p>Mottled skin and decreased circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of care allows patients to receive treatment aimed at improving quality of life without being terminally ill?

<p>Palliative care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pain management in hospice care?

<p>To ensure maximum comfort and ease discomfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken during chemotherapy regarding bodily fluids?

<p>All bodily fluids should be handled as hazardous waste for 48 hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary effect does chemotherapy have on rapidly dividing cells?

<p>It targets these cells leading to their destruction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of extravasation during chemotherapy administration?

<p>Necrosis and sloughing of surrounding tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients undergoing chemotherapy be informed about regarding nausea and vomiting?

<p>Vomiting can be severe and premedication is necessary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when determining chemotherapy dosage?

<p>Presence of allergies to any medication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for administering filgrastim after chemotherapy?

<p>To enhance the immune response by increasing white blood cell counts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of chemotherapy related to cognitive function?

<p>Decreased cognitive function and confusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an action to take if a patient develops a hypersensitivity reaction during chemotherapy?

<p>Administer an antidote immediately and stop the infusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition indicates that blood cell production may be taking over from the marrow?

<p>Extra medullary hematopoiesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances is hospice care typically recommended?

<p>For terminally ill patients with a life expectancy of six months or less (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?

<p>Any order; there is no fixed sequence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of palliative care?

<p>Provide comfort and pain control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common sign of impending death?

<p>Increased urinary output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a crucial aspect of advanced directives?

<p>Establishing a healthcare proxy when unable to make decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the reticuloendothelial system primarily consist of?

<p>Specialized macrophages and monocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically observed during the dying process?

<p>Chans stokes breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is essential in providing end-of-life care?”,

<p>Prioritize the quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical factors may arise due to chemotherapy worsening the condition?

<p>Erythropoietin, G-CSF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cancer Warning Signs (CAUTION)

Key indicators of potential cancer, including changes in bladder/bowel habits, sores that don't heal, unusual bleeding/discharge, and more.

Cancer Management Goals

Cancer treatment aims for cure (complete removal), control (slowing growth), or palliation (symptom relief).

Cancer Surgery Types

Surgical procedures for cancer include prophylactic (preventative), diagnostic (suspicious tissue), curative (removing all cancer), and cytoreductive (shrinking the tumor).

Prophylactic Surgery

Removal of potentially at-risk tissues to prevent future cancer development, such as removing breasts, uterus or fallopian tubes due to BRCA gene.

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Diagnostic Surgery

Surgical procedures to determine if suspicious tissues contain cancer.

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Neutropenic Diet

A special diet for people with low white blood cell counts (neutropenia) to prevent infections. It restricts foods that can harbor bacteria, such as deli meats, raw foods, and unpasteurized milk.

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Bone Marrow Transplant

A procedure that replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells. Stem cells can mature into different blood cells, treating blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.

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Myeloablative Chemo

High-dose chemotherapy and radiation that completely destroys bone marrow, cancer cells, and prevents rejection in bone marrow transplants.

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Non-Myeloablative Chemo

Lower-dose chemotherapy used for patients who can't tolerate high doses or have weakened organs, it doesn't completely destroy bone marrow.

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Engraftment

The process where new bone marrow becomes functional and starts producing blood cells after a transplant, usually takes 2-4 weeks.

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Oral Mucositis

Mouth sores caused by radiation therapy, causing pain and discomfort.

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Mucositis

Sore mouth, throat, esophagus, or colon due to radiation; affects mucous membranes.

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Xerostomia

Dry mouth, caused by radiation or chemotherapy; can affect appetite and nutrition.

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Cytopenia

Low blood cell count (platelets, etc.) due to radiation, particularly in the sternum/iliac crest.

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Chemotherapy

Medicine used to treat systemic cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors.

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Chemotherapy Regimens

Combination of chemo drugs, given in cycles and tailored to each patient's needs.

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Pre-chemotherapy Checklist

Vital signs, blood counts (WBC, platelets) assessment before chemo to ensure patient health.

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Extravasation

Chemo drug leaking from a vein, causing tissue damage.

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Myelosuppression

Bone marrow damage, reducing production of blood cells.

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Alopecia

Hair loss, a common side effect of chemotherapy.

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Febrile Neutropenia

Fever and dangerously low neutrophils (a type of white blood cell).

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Radiation Therapy

Treatment that uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells.

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Post-chemotherapy Precautions

Special handling of bodily fluids (vomit, stool, urine) for 48 hours after chemo to prevent contamination.

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Erythema

Redness of the skin, a possible side effect of radiation.

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Desquamation

Dry or wet peeling of skin due to radiation or chemotherapy.

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Graft vs Tumor Effect

A beneficial immune response where donor cells recognize and eliminate malignant cells in the recipient's body.

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Graft vs Host Disease (GvHD)

A serious complication where donor T-cells attack the recipient's healthy tissues, causing skin rashes, diarrhea, and organ damage.

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Engraftment Syndrome

A non-infectious complication with symptoms like fever, rash, weight gain, and diarrhea, occurring after a bone marrow transplant.

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Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)

A life-threatening complication where rapid tumor cell destruction releases large amounts of potassium, phosphorus, and uric acid into the blood.

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Bone Marrow Transplant Reaction

An immediate reaction during transplant, potentially causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, and even cardiac or respiratory arrest.

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Hyperphosphatemia

A condition where there's too much phosphate in the blood. Symptoms include moaning, groaning, kidney stones, and constipation.

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SIADH

A disorder where the body releases too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to water retention and low sodium levels (hyponatremia).

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Neutropenia

A condition where there's a low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that fights infections.

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Neutropenic Precautions

Special measures to protect patients with low neutrophil counts (neutropenia) from infections.

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Psychosocial Care in Cancer

Addressing the emotional and social well-being of cancer patients and their families.

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What is Nucogen used for?

Nucogen is a colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the bone marrow to produce white blood cells, especially neutrophils. It's used to treat neutropenia, a condition where the body has a low number of neutrophils, increasing the risk of infection.

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What is a common side effect of Nucogen?

A common side effect of Nucogen is bone pain. This is because it's stimulating the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells.

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What does Epogen do?

Epogen (also known as Procrit) is a synthetic form of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. It's used to treat anemia, a condition where the body has a low number of red blood cells.

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What is a side effect of Epogen?

A side effect of Epogen is high blood pressure. This can happen if it stimulates the production of too many red blood cells.

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What is Interleukin (Numega) used for?

Interleukin (also known as Numega) is used to treat low platelet count, a condition called thrombocytopenia. It stimulates the production of platelets.

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What are some serious side effects of Interleukin?

Interleukin can cause serious side effects like pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs) and profound diarrhea.

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What is Mannitol used for in chemotherapy?

Mannitol is a diuretic used to protect the kidneys from damage caused by chemotherapy drugs. It helps flush out the drugs from the body.

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What are some safety considerations for handling chemotherapy drugs?

Chemotherapy drugs require strict safety measures due to their potential for toxicity. This includes wearing PPE (personal protective equipment), double gloves, and using Luer-lock fittings on tubing. Spills must be handled with a chemo spill kit and reported to housekeeping.

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Stomatitis

Inflammation and sores inside the mouth, a common side effect of radiation therapy.

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Chemotherapy Precautions

Special measures to protect healthcare workers from chemotherapy drugs, including double gloving, flushing, and proper disposal of wastes.

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What are the main complications of a bone marrow transplant?

The main complications include Graft vs Host Disease (GVHD), Engraftment Syndrome, Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS), and Bone Marrow Transplant Reaction.

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Psychosocial Care

Addressing the emotional and social well-being of cancer patients and their families, including dealing with fear, anxiety, and end-of-life experiences.

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Uric Acid in AKI

High levels of uric acid can build up in the kidneys, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). This can cause symptoms like fatigue, nausea, decreased urine output, and even seizures.

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SVC Syndrome

A condition where a tumor or blood clot presses on the superior vena cava (SVC), obstructing blood flow from the head, neck, and upper body. This causes swelling, shortness of breath, and other symptoms.

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SVC Syndrome Cause

SVC syndrome is most commonly caused by lung cancer, but blood clots can also be a culprit.

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Spinal Cord Compression

A serious complication where a tumor presses on the spinal cord, leading to weakness, paralysis, and bowel/bladder dysfunction.

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Hypercalcemia

Elevated calcium levels in the blood, often caused by cancer invading the bone.

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Treating Hypercalcemia

Treatment involves medications to reduce calcium levels, fluids to flush the excess calcium, and bisphosphonates to prevent further bone breakdown.

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Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

When treating cancer patients, it's vital to inquire about any CAM practices they use, as these therapies could interact with prescribed medications.

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Unproven Therapies

Patients often search the internet for alternative treatments. It's crucial to be informed about these therapies to ensure patient safety and prevent harmful interactions.

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CAUTION Signs

A mnemonic to remember early warning signs of cancer, including changes in bowel habits, sores that don't heal, unusual bleeding, and more.

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Curative Surgery

Surgical removal of all cancerous tissue with the goal of achieving a complete cure.

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Palliative Care

Focuses on improving quality of life for patients with serious illnesses, often providing symptom relief and support.

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Reconstructive Surgery

Performed after curative surgery to improve appearance and function, often done following breast cancer treatment.

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Radiation Therapy Types

Different types of radiation therapy target tumors in various ways, impacting treatment duration and side effects.

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Breaky Therapy

Radiation therapy that requires special precautions due to potential exposure, such as a private room and protective shielding.

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Radiation Precautions

Measures taken to minimize exposure to radioactive materials, involving time, distance, and shielding.

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Permanent Seed Therapy

A type of radiation therapy where radioactive seeds are implanted near the tumor site, often used for prostate and breast cancer.

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Radiation Side Effects

Common side effects can include skin changes, altered taste, and mucositis, depending on the area treated.

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Bone Marrow Transplant: Types

Two types of bone marrow transplants: Autologous (using patient's own cells) and Allogenic (using a matched donor's cells).

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Treating Uric Acid AKI

Treatment for uric acid-induced AKI focuses on flushing out the uric acid with aggressive IV fluids (around 3000-3500 ml per day), diuretics, and medications to decrease potassium levels. Sodium bicarbonate can be added to the fluids to make the urine more alkaline, helping the uric acid dissolve.

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Causes of SVC Syndrome

SVC Syndrome is most commonly caused by lung cancer, but blood clots can also be a contributing factor.

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Complementary & Alternative Medicine (CAM) in Cancer Care

When treating cancer patients, it's crucial to be aware of any complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices they may be using. CAM therapies can interact with prescribed medications, so it's important to gather a complete medical history.

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Unproven Therapies & Internet Research

People with cancer often research alternative treatments online. It's important to be aware of these therapies and their potential for harm, as they can interact with conventional medications.

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Palliative Care Goal

To improve quality of life for patients with serious illnesses by managing symptoms, providing support, and respecting their wishes.

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Hospice Care Eligibility

Patients are typically eligible for hospice care when their life expectancy is 6 months or less. This care focuses on comfort and support.

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Chemotherapy Goal

To treat systemic cancers by targeting and destroying cancer cells. Goals vary and include cure, control, and palliation.

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End-of-Life Signs

Signs that a person is nearing the end of life include drowsiness, confusion, decreased interest in food, and difficulty swallowing.

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Therapeutic Communication

Using empathetic and supportive communication techniques to connect with patients facing serious illness and their families.

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Death Rattle

A rattling sound in the throat caused by fluid buildup in the airways, a common sign as death approaches.

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What are some common side effects of chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy can cause a variety of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and mouth sores. It can also affect the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections.

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What are colony stimulating factors?

Colony stimulating factors are medications that help stimulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Commonly used examples are Procrit and Epogen.

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What is palliative care?

Palliative care focuses on providing comfort and symptom relief for patients with serious illnesses, often at the end of life. This can include pain management, emotional support, and spiritual guidance.

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What is hospice care?

Hospice care provides specialized support for terminally ill patients and their families, focusing on quality of life and comfort. It's typically offered when a patient has less than six months to live.

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What are Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?

Kubler-Ross identified five stages of grief that people may experience when facing their own death or the death of a loved one: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. These stages can occur in any order and may not be experienced by everyone.

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What are some signs of death?

Some signs of approaching death include decreased urinary output, weakness, confusion, restlessness, impaired vision and hearing, and a decrease in body temperature.

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What is hematopoiesis?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, which occurs primarily in the bone marrow.

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What is the reticuloendothelial system?

The reticuloendothelial system, also known as the mononuclear phagocyte system, is a network of cells that helps defend the body against foreign invaders. It includes macrophages and monocytes.

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What are the components of blood?

Blood is composed of plasma, which is a liquid containing proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, and other substances. It also contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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What happens if the bone marrow is diseased?

If the bone marrow is diseased, the liver or spleen can take over blood cell production. This is called extramedullary hematopoiesis.

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Chemotherapy Cycles

Repeated cycles of chemotherapy are needed to destroy cancer cells. Each cycle includes a period of treatment followed by a rest period to allow the body to recover.

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Chemotherapy Dosage

Chemotherapy dosage is based on the patient's body weight, surface area, previous response to treatment, organ function, and lab results like BUN and creatinine.

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Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions are severe allergic reactions to chemotherapy drugs, often happening within the first 15 minutes of infusion. Patients may be premedicated to prevent these.

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Chemo Safety Precautions

Handling chemotherapy requires strict safety measures, such as double gloving, proper disposal in hazardous waste containers, and flushing IV lines.

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Chemo Side Effects

Chemotherapy side effects are caused by the destruction of rapidly dividing cells, including those in the bone marrow, lining of the GI tract, and hair follicles.

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Study Notes

Oncology Part 2

  • Early Cancer Detection (Caution): Look for changes in bladder/bowel patterns, sores that don't heal (mouth), unusual bleeding/discharge, lumps, indigestion, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or changes in warts/moles.

  • Cancer Symptoms (U): Unusual bleeding/discharge (from bladder/orphus), thickening, lumps, indigestion, trouble swallowing, cough, hoarseness.

  • Cancer Management: Treatment aims for complete eradication (cure), prolonged survival, and cancer cell growth containment.

  • Palliative Care: Relief of symptoms and complications stemming from the disease.

  • Treatment Modalities: Usually a combination of treatments like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

  • Surgeries:

    • Prophylactic: Removal of at-risk tissue (e.g., breast, uterus, or fallopian tubes, if BRCA gene is a risk).
    • Diagnostic: Removing a suspicious part or all of a suspicious tissue sample (i.e., incisional, excisional, needle aspiration biopsy (ultrasound or CT-guided)).
    • Curative: Removal of all cancerous tissue; done at early stages.
    • Cytoreductive/Debulking: Removal of the maximum amount of tumor at end-stage cancer (stage 4).
    • Palliative: Improves quality of life by relieving symptoms, even if a full cure isn't possible.

Metabolic Panel and Cytology

  • Cytology: Examination of cells in bodily fluids to look for cancer.

  • Metabolic Panels: Blood tests to assess a patient’s overall metabolic health.

Radiation Therapy

  • Types of Radiation:

    • Electromagnetic: A form of ionizing radiation.
    • Particulate: Another form of ionizing radiation.

  • Complications: SVC syndrome (superior vena cava syndrome) may be treated with radiation to reduce tumor size.

  • EBRT (External Beam Radiation Therapy): Uses an external source of radiation to target the tumor. Low dose over a longer period of time.

  • SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy): A higher dose of radiation delivered over a shorter period.

  • Proton Therapy: A precise form of radiation targeting the tumor.

Electrolyte Management

  • Time-Distance-Shielding: Protective measures to minimize radiation exposure.

Treatment Options

  • Radiation: Destroys cancer cells with minimal effect on surrounding tissue.
  • Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS): A complication of chemotherapy or radiation where cancer cells die quickly, releasing harmful substances.

Other Treatment Methods

  • Temporary Intraluminal: Insertion of catheters to deliver radioactive materials.
  • Surgical Procedures (Intracavity): Surgical procedures in cavities (vaginal).
  • Dosimeter Use: Measuring radiation exposure.
  • Seed Therapy: Implants radioactive seeds into or near tumors.

Other Considerations

  • Side effects: Skin changes, incontinence (if prostate is targeted) impaired taste, or mouth sores (mucositis) in radiation area.

  • Chemotherapy: Aims at killing cancer cells through drug therapy, by regiment and cyclical dosing.

  • Toxicities: Blood count (all counts) lower at 7-14 days after chemo.

  • Important Considerations: Blood tests, including CBCs (which consider WBC, RBC, and platelets).

  • Protocol Followup: Different protocols are followed depending on the type of chemo and where it is administered (implantable, intravenous, etc).

  • Patient Safety Considerations: Precautions during radiation therapy, like safe handling, avoiding rectal procedures, and avoiding certain foods.

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Description

Test your knowledge on early cancer detection, symptoms, management strategies, and treatment modalities explored in this quiz on oncology. Dive into specific surgical options and understand the goals of palliative care. Enhance your understanding of how various treatments work together in cancer care.

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