أسئلة المحاضرة الأولى أورام باطنة الدلتا

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of cancer cases are preventable?

75%

25%

90%

50% (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for cancer?

Tobacco

Infectious agents

Immunosuppression

Physical exercise (correct)

What is the aim of primary cancer prevention?

Treat cancer effectively

Detect cancer at an early stage

Reduce the incidence of cancer (correct)

Reduce cancer mortality

According to the content, what lifestyle factor contributes 35% to cancer deaths?

Diet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of prevention focuses on managing the disease after it has occurred?

Tertiary prevention Signup and view all the answers

What common cancer is primarily associated with smoking as a risk factor?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of increasing an individual’s resistance to cancer risk factors?

Immunization Signup and view all the answers

What was the probability of getting cancer during a lifetime for women mentioned in the content?

37.1% Signup and view all the answers

What is tertiary cancer prevention primarily focused on?

Prevention of loco-regional relapse and metastatic disease after primary treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers has successful adjuvant therapy mentioned in the content?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT increase the risk of dying from prostate cancer?

Having a single relative with prostate cancer Signup and view all the answers

At what age should men at average risk begin PSA screening according to the guidelines?

Age 50 Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of methods is stated as most effective for prostate cancer detection?

Prostate Specific Antigen and Digital Rectal Exam Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered at high risk for developing prostate cancer?

African Americans and those with a first-degree relative diagnosed early Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is listed as a medication for prostate cancer management?

5-alpha reductase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of men with cancer may have a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) level of approximately 15%?

15% Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lifestyle factors and cancer risk according to the published study?

Participants with all four lifestyle factors had a lower risk of cancer. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended lifestyle factor for cancer prevention?

High intake of processed meats Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of using low dose aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence in the study?

It had no effect on colorectal cancer incidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of secondary prevention in cancer?

To detect cancer at an early stage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancer prevention methods is specifically linked to breast cancer?

Tamoxifen Signup and view all the answers

What is advised regarding alcohol consumption in cancer prevention?

It should be completely avoided. Signup and view all the answers

How often should brisk physical activity be undertaken for cancer prevention?

Daily Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT part of the lifestyle recommendations for reducing cancer risk?

High consumption of saturated fats from animal sources Signup and view all the answers

What combination of lifestyle factors is associated with a significantly lower risk of cancer?

Never smoking, BMI < 30, physical activity > 3.5 hours weekly, prudent diet Signup and view all the answers

Which medication has been shown to decrease the incidence of colorectal cancer when taken daily for five years?

Aspirin (≥325 mg) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of secondary prevention in cancer care?

To detect cancer at an early stage for effective treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT recommended for cancer prevention?

Regular sun exposure without protection Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle modification is suggested to reduce cancer risk regarding dietary habits?

Balanced intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to cancer prevention according to the provided information?

Consuming excessive animal fats Signup and view all the answers

How many servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended daily for cancer risk reduction?

Five servings Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low-dose aspirin (100 mg every other day) on colorectal cancer incidence compared to a placebo?

No effect on cancer rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of tertiary cancer prevention?

Prevention of cancer recurrence after initial treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which group is at the highest risk for developing prostate cancer according to the screening guidelines?

Men aged 40 with more than one first-degree relative diagnosed at an early age Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is listed as an option for prostate cancer treatment?

5-alpha reductase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which screening method is combined with PSA for effective prostate cancer detection?

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) Signup and view all the answers

At what age should African American men begin PSA screening?

Age 45 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of men with cancer are suggested to have levels of PSA that indicate benign disease?

24% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the risks of prostate cancer mortality?

Having multiple relatives with prostate cancer increases risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended PSA screening age for men at average risk?

Age 50 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cancer incidence is true?

In 2013, there were approximately 280,000 new cancer diagnoses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle factors is associated with the highest percentage of preventable cancer deaths?

Tobacco Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is not considered a primary prevention strategy for cancer?

Participating in cancer screenings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cancer is most commonly associated with chronic inflammation as a risk factor?

Colorectal cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a recognized modifiable risk factor that contributes to cancer incidence?

Radiation exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention strategy focuses on reducing the incidence of cancer before it develops?

Primary prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following risk factors is related to the highest percentage of cancer deaths identified in the lecture?

Alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancer is estimated to be preventable, according to the lecture?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oncology (Medicine) - Level 4, Semester 7

Cancer Incidence: Cancer cases are increasing with population aging. In 2013, there were 280,000 new diagnoses, and an estimated 80,000 additional cases are projected in 2030. The probability of developing cancer in a lifetime is 39.3% for men and 37.1% for women.

Risk Factors

Age: A significant risk factor for cancer.
Alcohol Consumption: A risk factor for cancer.
Cancer-Causing Substances: Contact or exposure to substances known to cause cancer.
Chronic Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase the risk of cancer.
Diet: Diet plays a role in cancer risk.
Hormones: Hormonal factors influence cancer risk.
Immunosuppression: Weakens the body's immune system, increasing cancer risk.
Infectious Agents: Certain infections can increase cancer risk.
Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for certain cancers.
Radiation: Exposure to radiation, including radiation therapy.
Sunlight: UV radiation from sunlight.
Tobacco use: Smoking and tobacco use are significant risk factors for various cancers.

Cancer Prevention

Definition: Prevention is the reduction of cancer mortality through lowering cancer incidence.
Importance: It is estimated that 50% of cancer is preventable.
Modifiable Risk Factors: Nine primary modifiable risk factors for cancer deaths include smoking (30%), diet (35%) and other factors like viruses, hormones, radiation, and industrial carcinogens.

Cancer Prevention Types

Primary Prevention: Aims to reduce cancer incidence by avoiding carcinogens or altering their metabolism, modifying lifestyle or dietary practices, and increasing individual resistance to risk factors through immunization, medical intervention (chemoprevention), and risk-reduction surgical procedures.
Secondary Prevention (Screening): Aims to detect cancer early, improving treatment effectiveness and reducing disease severity. Methods are directed at the period between disease onset and symptom appearance.

Life Factors Linked to Malignancies

Common Cancers: Lung, colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers are prevalent cancers in developed nations.
Lifestyle Factors: Certain lifestyles (never smoking, a healthy BMI, regular physical activity, and a prudent diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) were associated with a significantly lower cancer risk.

Cancer Screening Methods

Methods: Specific methods for screening or finding cancer include avoiding alcohol & tobacco use, avoidance of obesity and excessive sun exposure, limiting animal fats in diet, increasing daily intake of vegetables and fruits, performing regular physical activity, and avoiding cancer-causing substances like asbestos. Screening should also focus on proper vaccination routines.

Chemoprevention

Breast Cancer: Tamoxifen is a chemoprevention method.
Colorectal Cancer: Aspirin taken daily (325 mg) was shown to reduce colorectal cancer incidence.

Cancer as a Disease Process

Diagnostic Stages: The timing and stage of diagnosis impact survival rates; early diagnosis significantly improves the success rate.
Screening Programs: National screening programs detect cancer at early stages.
GP Referral: Routine GP referrals, urgent GP referrals, and emergency room referrals are crucial means to initiate treatment.
Hospitalizations: Hospitalizations, A&E, or transfers to hospitals are different ways to administer treatment.

Tertiary Prevention

Definition: Preventing loco-regional relapse or metastatic diseases after primary treatment (potentially curing diseases).
Areas of Success: Tertiary prevention demonstrates success in various cancers, including testicular, breast, colorectal, and bone sarcoma.
Adjuvant Therapy: Tertiary prevention is tied to and encompasses the adjuvant therapy field.

Causes of Death in England (Ages Under 75)

Cancer: A significant cause of death, including specific types like lung cancer, circulatory diseases, and respiratory issues.

Ten-Year Survival Rates

Combined Cancer Types: Survival rates are notably higher (>80%) for cancers diagnosed early (stages I+ II), compared to later-stage diagnosis.

Breast Cancer Epidemiology

Leading Cause: Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in women, following lung cancer.
Risk Factors: Identifying personal history, family history, and genetic factors for better risk awareness and stratification.

Risk Stratification

Average Risk: Individuals without personal or strong family history of breast cancer, specific genetic mutations, and no history of chest radiation are categorized as average risk.
High Risk: Individuals with a personal history of breast cancer or strong family history of breast cancer, or specific genetic mutations and/or chest radiation history are considered high risk.

Screening Recommendations

Average Risk Females: Screening recommendations vary based on age and risk factors, usually starting at age 40-45 and continuing annually or biannually depending on the person’s overall health and remaining life expectancy.
High-Risk Females: Women at high risk are encouraged to start screening with mammograms plus MRI, as early as the ages of 30.
Signs to Watch For: Common symptoms, such as lumps in the breast, discharge, pain, sores, enlarged lymph nodes, aid clinical diagnosis.

Lung Cancer

Symptoms: Typically, lung cancer symptoms appear late in the disease progression.
Screening: Screening methods include X-rays and low-dose CT scans.
Advantages: Low-dose scans are quick and avoid contrast agent use.
Risks: Radiation exposure and potential false positive results.
CXR Result: Lung cancer screening using CXR did not show a benefit.
Existing Treatment: No change in lung cancer deaths was observed.

Costs

Screening Costs: Most health insurance covers routine lung cancer screening, but additional scans or tests might have charges.

Prostate Cancer

Risk Factors: Age is a key risk factor, with incidence rising substantially after age 50, and other factors include family history (especially first-degree relatives). Race/ethnicity also plays a role, as African American men are at higher risk.
Screening: Effective methods combined use of PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) testing and DRE (Digital Rectal Exam).
PSA Value: A PSA value under 4 is often not indicative of cancer, whereas a value over 4 may warrant more investigation.

Serum PSA Testing

Test Details: Key test parameters include sensitivity and specificity of the serum PSA test to accurately predict cancer risk.
Factors Affecting PSA: Age, prostate size, and medications can impact PSA levels.
PSA Guidelines: Specific screening guidelines exist for average, high, and very-high risk individuals based on several criteria, including age, family history, and race.

Colorectal Cancer

Incidence: Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the U.S., with the majority of diagnoses occurring in people ages 50 and older.
Risk Factors: Family history, genetic factors, inflammatory bowel disease, and prior radiation exposure significantly raise the risk of colorectal cancer.
Average Risk Screening Age: Screening is recommended to begin between ages 45–46 using various methods like colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, double-contrast barium enema, and CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). For those over 75 years of age, preferences, overall health, and prior screening history should dictate decisions about continued screening.
Increased Risk Screening Age: People at increased risk based on various factors like family history, genetic predisposition, or inflammatory bowel disease should begin screening earlier.

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