Carcinogenesis Quiz
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Carcinogenesis Quiz

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@PlayfulHarmony

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Questions and Answers

What is the Warburg effect in cancer cell metabolism?

  • Reduced uptake of glucose and reliance on oxidative phosphorylation
  • Enhanced utilization of fatty acids for ATP production
  • Increased conversion of glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen (correct)
  • Decreased conversion of glucose to lactate in the presence of oxygen

    • What is the function of p16 in the cell cycle?

  • Controls the entry of cells into the M phase of the cell cycle
  • Regulates the progression from S phase to G2 phase in the cell cycle
  • Promotes the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle
  • Inhibits Cdk4Cyclin D complex (G1cdk complex) needed for progression through the cell cycle (correct)

    • Which gene is commonly mutated in colorectal cancers?

  • APC (correct)
  • Cyclin D
  • RB
  • p53

    • What is the role of telomerase in cancer cells?

    <p>Allows cancer cells to continue replicating indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>Oncogenes promote cell growth and division, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hypermethylation in cancer?

    <p>It can silence tumor suppressor genes like p16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is found in all progeny and begins the process towards malignant transformation?

    <p>Initiating mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene mutation generally involves gain-of-function mutations?

    <p>Proto-oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation generally involves loss-of-function mutations and contributes to the formation of oncogenes?

    <p>Tumour suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene family is commonly associated with gain-of-function mutations in certain cancers?

    <p>PI3K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene, induced by Ras/MAPK signaling, contributes to cancer by increasing cell proliferation and growth?

    <p>MYC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene functions as a key negative regulator of the G1/S checkpoint and is directly or indirectly inactivated in most human cancers?

    <p>RB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is known as the 'Guardian of the Genome' and regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis?

    <p>TP53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutations in cyclin D and Cdk4 affect progression through the G1/S checkpoint and are implicated in various cancers?

    <p>Gain-of-function mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is a tumor suppressor that applies brakes to cell proliferation and recognizes genotoxic stress?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which downstream component of receptor tyrosine kinases signaling pathways is the most common abnormality in human tumors?

    <p>Ras</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene family is frequently mutated or silenced in many human malignancies, with inherited mutations implicated in familial forms of melanoma?

    <p>CDKIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene contributes to carcinogenesis by failing to arrest the cell cycle?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene family is also common in certain cancers, with 30% of breast carcinomas having gain-of-function mutations?

    <p>PI3K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passenger mutations have a low malignant effect

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myc is an early response gene that increases telomerase activity

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer hallmark with its description:

    <p>Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals = Cancer cells do not respond to signals that would normally stop their growth Evasion of apoptosis = Cancer cells avoid programmed cell death Sustained angiogenesis = Cancer cells stimulate the growth of blood vessels to ensure a blood supply for the tumor Ability to invade and metastasize = Cancer cells can spread from their original site to other parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle at.....

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    p16, cyclin D, CDK4, and RB are all oncogenes

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both RB and P53 can recognize genotoxic stress

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    p53 is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mutation to Mdm2 could lead to carcinogenesis

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cancer cell evading senescence is an example of......

    <p>Limitless replicative potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer Progression

    • Tumors evolve genetically based on survival of the fittest subclones, becoming more aggressive over time
    • Oncogenes promote excessive cell growth, driven by mutations in proto-oncogenes
    • Ras, a downstream component of receptor tyrosine kinases signaling pathways, is the most common abnormality in human tumors
    • The PI3K family is also common in certain cancers, with 30% of breast carcinomas having gain-of-function mutations
    • MYC, induced by Ras/MAPK signaling, increases cell proliferation and growth, contributing to cancer
    • Gain-of-function mutations in cyclin D and Cdk4 affect progression through the G1/S checkpoint, implicated in various cancers
    • Tumor suppressor genes, such as RB and p53, apply brakes to cell proliferation and recognize genotoxic stress
    • RB functions as a key negative regulator of the G1/S checkpoint and is directly or indirectly inactivated in most human cancers
    • TP53, "Guardian of the Genome," regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis
    • Mutated p53 contributes to carcinogenesis by failing to arrest the cell cycle until DNA repair is successful
    • Loss of p53 leads to unrepaired DNA damage and accumulation of driver mutations in oncogenes, driving malignant transformation
    • CDKIs, such as p16, are frequently mutated or silenced in many human malignancies, with inherited mutations implicated in familial forms of melanoma

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    Carcinogenesis PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer progression with this quiz. Explore the role of key genes like Ras, MYC, RB, p53, and more in the development and progression of various cancers.

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