28 Questions
What is the Warburg effect in cancer cell metabolism?
Increased conversion of glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen
What is the function of p16 in the cell cycle?
Inhibits Cdk4Cyclin D complex (G1cdk complex) needed for progression through the cell cycle
Which gene is commonly mutated in colorectal cancers?
APC
What is the role of telomerase in cancer cells?
Allows cancer cells to continue replicating indefinitely
What is the main difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
Oncogenes promote cell growth and division, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell cycle progression
What is the significance of hypermethylation in cancer?
It can silence tumor suppressor genes like p16
What type of mutation is found in all progeny and begins the process towards malignant transformation?
Initiating mutation
Which type of gene mutation generally involves gain-of-function mutations?
Proto-oncogenes
Which type of mutation generally involves loss-of-function mutations and contributes to the formation of oncogenes?
Tumour suppressor genes
Which gene family is commonly associated with gain-of-function mutations in certain cancers?
PI3K
Which gene, induced by Ras/MAPK signaling, contributes to cancer by increasing cell proliferation and growth?
MYC
Which gene functions as a key negative regulator of the G1/S checkpoint and is directly or indirectly inactivated in most human cancers?
RB
Which gene is known as the 'Guardian of the Genome' and regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis?
TP53
Which type of mutations in cyclin D and Cdk4 affect progression through the G1/S checkpoint and are implicated in various cancers?
Gain-of-function mutations
Which gene is a tumor suppressor that applies brakes to cell proliferation and recognizes genotoxic stress?
p53
Which downstream component of receptor tyrosine kinases signaling pathways is the most common abnormality in human tumors?
Ras
Which gene family is frequently mutated or silenced in many human malignancies, with inherited mutations implicated in familial forms of melanoma?
CDKIs
Which gene contributes to carcinogenesis by failing to arrest the cell cycle?
p53
Which gene family is also common in certain cancers, with 30% of breast carcinomas having gain-of-function mutations?
PI3K
Passenger mutations have a low malignant effect
True
Myc is an early response gene that increases telomerase activity
True
Match the following cancer hallmark with its description:
Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals = Cancer cells do not respond to signals that would normally stop their growth Evasion of apoptosis = Cancer cells avoid programmed cell death Sustained angiogenesis = Cancer cells stimulate the growth of blood vessels to ensure a blood supply for the tumor Ability to invade and metastasize = Cancer cells can spread from their original site to other parts of the body
Most tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle at.....
G1 phase
p16, cyclin D, CDK4, and RB are all oncogenes
False
Both RB and P53 can recognize genotoxic stress
True
p53 is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer
False
A mutation to Mdm2 could lead to carcinogenesis
True
A cancer cell evading senescence is an example of......
Limitless replicative potential
Study Notes
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer Progression
- Tumors evolve genetically based on survival of the fittest subclones, becoming more aggressive over time
- Oncogenes promote excessive cell growth, driven by mutations in proto-oncogenes
- Ras, a downstream component of receptor tyrosine kinases signaling pathways, is the most common abnormality in human tumors
- The PI3K family is also common in certain cancers, with 30% of breast carcinomas having gain-of-function mutations
- MYC, induced by Ras/MAPK signaling, increases cell proliferation and growth, contributing to cancer
- Gain-of-function mutations in cyclin D and Cdk4 affect progression through the G1/S checkpoint, implicated in various cancers
- Tumor suppressor genes, such as RB and p53, apply brakes to cell proliferation and recognize genotoxic stress
- RB functions as a key negative regulator of the G1/S checkpoint and is directly or indirectly inactivated in most human cancers
- TP53, "Guardian of the Genome," regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis
- Mutated p53 contributes to carcinogenesis by failing to arrest the cell cycle until DNA repair is successful
- Loss of p53 leads to unrepaired DNA damage and accumulation of driver mutations in oncogenes, driving malignant transformation
- CDKIs, such as p16, are frequently mutated or silenced in many human malignancies, with inherited mutations implicated in familial forms of melanoma
Test your knowledge of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer progression with this quiz. Explore the role of key genes like Ras, MYC, RB, p53, and more in the development and progression of various cancers.
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