Lower Urinary Tract Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

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What percentage of bladder tumors are papillomas?

More than 20%

1% or less (correct)

Less than 5%

Around 10%

What is the typical size range of exophytic papillomas?

5 cm to 10 cm in diameter

0.5 cm to 2 cm in diameter (correct)

1 cm to 5 cm in diameter

2 cm to 10 cm in diameter

What is the characteristic of the epithelium covering the central core of papillae?

It is histologically identical to normal urothelium (correct)

It is histologically different from normal urothelium

It is hyperplastic

It is inflamed and ulcerated

What is the significance of multiple discrete tumors in the bladder?

They are often present in papillary lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the finger-like projections in papillary lesions?

Papillae Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a benign tumor becomes malignant?

Progression Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common precursor lesion to invasive urothelial carcinoma?

Noninvasive papillary tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the range of atypical changes in papillary tumors?

Grading Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of acute or chronic bacterial cystitis?

Retrograde spread of colonic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for flat noninvasive urothelial carcinoma?

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pattern of tumors shown in Figure 21.4?

Morphologic patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bladder inflammation caused by chemotherapy?

Hemorrhagic cystitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?

Painless hematuria Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of urothelial neoplasms are non-muscle-invasive?

70% to 80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor lesion to urothelial carcinoma in situ?

Urothelial dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a papillary urothelial tumor that is not muscle-invasive?

Noninvasive papillary urothelial tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the unusual variant of urothelial cancer that has deceptively bland cytology?

Nested variant Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential complication of obstruction of the ureteral orifice in bladder cancer?

Pyelonephritis or hydronephrosis Signup and view all the answers