18 Questions
What percentage of bladder tumors are papillomas?
1% or less
What is the typical size range of exophytic papillomas?
0.5 cm to 2 cm in diameter
What is the characteristic of the epithelium covering the central core of papillae?
It is histologically identical to normal urothelium
What is the significance of multiple discrete tumors in the bladder?
They are often present in papillary lesions
What is the term for the finger-like projections in papillary lesions?
Papillae
What is the term for the process by which a benign tumor becomes malignant?
Progression
What is the most common precursor lesion to invasive urothelial carcinoma?
Noninvasive papillary tumors
What is the term for the range of atypical changes in papillary tumors?
Grading
What is the primary cause of acute or chronic bacterial cystitis?
Retrograde spread of colonic bacteria
What is the term for flat noninvasive urothelial carcinoma?
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
What is the term for the pattern of tumors shown in Figure 21.4?
Morphologic patterns
What is the term for bladder inflammation caused by chemotherapy?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?
Painless hematuria
What percentage of urothelial neoplasms are non-muscle-invasive?
70% to 80%
What is the precursor lesion to urothelial carcinoma in situ?
Urothelial dysplasia
What is the term for a papillary urothelial tumor that is not muscle-invasive?
Noninvasive papillary urothelial tumor
What is the unusual variant of urothelial cancer that has deceptively bland cytology?
Nested variant
What is the potential complication of obstruction of the ureteral orifice in bladder cancer?
Pyelonephritis or hydronephrosis
Learn about the molecular biology of urothelial tumors, including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and their role in cell cycle regulation, chromatin regulation, and DNA repair. Understand the different morphologies of urothelial tumors and their clinical significance.
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