Oncogene Activation and DNA Mismatch-Repair Genes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of recurrent rearrangement involves a segment being reversed end to end?

  • Deletion
  • Reciprocal exchange
  • Chromosomal translocation
  • Inversion (correct)

Which mechanism of oncogene activation involves the formation of novel hybrid fusion genes?

  • Deletion
  • De regulated expression of oncogenes via regulatory control of an immunoglobulin gene (correct)
  • Inversion
  • Reciprocal exchange

What is the most important tumor suppressor gene?

  • TP53 (correct)
  • APC
  • BRCA1
  • RB

Which mutation type can TP53 gene have?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of carcinogenesis?

<p>Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that involves genetic and epigenetic changes in cellular division and regulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of oncogenes?

<p>Oncogenes are genes that promote tumor growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis?

<p>Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis explains the function of tumour suppressor genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the definition of cancer?

<p>A disease of multicellular organisms characterized by abnormal proliferation of cells and invasion of local tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cancer-associated genes mentioned in the text?

<p>Proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells called?

<p>Carcinogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an environmental factor that can lead to genetic changes and cause cancer to develop?

<p>Diet and Exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to detect amplification of the c-myc gene in double minutes (dmins)?

<p>Interphase FISH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is amplified in double minutes (dmins) in the AML patient in Case 2?

<p>KMT2A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromosomal rearrangement is often detected in haematological malignancies and some solid tumors?

<p>Interchromosomal translocations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of oncogene activation involves the formation of novel hybrid fusion genes with transforming activity?

<p>Formation of novel hybrid fusion genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that carcinogenic agents disrupt interactions between cells that maintain tissue architecture, repair, and regulation?

<p>Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis, what is true about the recessive nature of tumor suppressor genes?

<p>Tumor suppressor genes are recessive in nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves multiple mutations and is a characteristic of carcinogenesis?

<p>Multi-step process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genes are involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation, and have the potential to become oncogenes?

<p>Proto-oncogenes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of oncogene activation?

<p>DNA mismatch-repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA mismatch-repair genes?

<p>To recognize and repair errors during replication and recombination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the hallmarks of cancer?

<p>Inducing apoptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cancer cells resist apoptosis?

<p>Mutation/loss of TP53 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cells that have bypassed replicative immortality?

<p>Overexpression of BCL-2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?

<p>Enabling replicative immortality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of telomeres?

<p>To protect the ends of chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of oncogene activation?

<p>Deletions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the alteration of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence?

<p>Point mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of gene amplification?

<p>Increased gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is commonly amplified in small-cell lung cancer, breast/ovarian cancer, and leukemias?

<p>c-myc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Recurrent Rearrangements and Oncogene Activation

  • Inversion involves a segment being reversed end to end.
  • The formation of novel hybrid fusion genes is a mechanism of oncogene activation.
  • Oncogenes are involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation and have the potential to become oncogenes.

Tumor Suppressor Genes and Cancer

  • TP53 is the most important tumor suppressor gene.
  • TP53 can have missense mutations.
  • Cancer is defined as a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
  • The two main types of cancer-associated genes are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
  • Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

Environmental Factors and Genetic Changes

  • Environmental factors, except for aging, can lead to genetic changes and cause cancer to develop.
  • DNA mismatch-repair genes are involved in the repair of DNA damage.

Chromosomal Rearrangements and Cancer

  • Translocation is a type of chromosomal rearrangement often detected in haematological malignancies and some solid tumors.
  • Amplification of the c-myc gene in double minutes (dmins) is detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique.
  • The c-myc gene is amplified in double minutes (dmins) in the AML patient in Case 2.

Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis and Oncogene Activation

  • Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis suggests that tumor suppressor genes are recessive in nature.
  • The formation of novel hybrid fusion genes with transforming activity is a mechanism of oncogene activation.

Cancer Characteristics and Hallmarks

  • Carcinogenesis involves multiple mutations.
  • Telomeres are involved in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity.
  • Cancer cells can resist apoptosis through various mechanisms.
  • Cells that have bypassed replicative immortality have a characteristic of uncontrolled growth.
  • Self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, and evasion of apoptosis are hallmarks of cancer.
  • Genetic instability and mutation are hallmarks of cancer.
  • Gene amplification results in the increase of gene copy number and expression.

Mutation Types and Gene Function

  • Point mutation involves the alteration of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.
  • HER2 gene is commonly amplified in small-cell lung cancer, breast/ovarian cancer, and leukemias.

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Week 1 Cancer Genetics PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of oncogene activation and DNA mismatch-repair genes. Learn about the different ways oncogenes can be activated and the role of DNA mismatch-repair genes in maintaining genomic stability.

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