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Questions and Answers
Which type of recurrent rearrangement involves a segment being reversed end to end?
Which type of recurrent rearrangement involves a segment being reversed end to end?
Which mechanism of oncogene activation involves the formation of novel hybrid fusion genes?
Which mechanism of oncogene activation involves the formation of novel hybrid fusion genes?
What is the most important tumor suppressor gene?
What is the most important tumor suppressor gene?
Which mutation type can TP53 gene have?
Which mutation type can TP53 gene have?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of carcinogenesis?
Which of the following best describes the concept of carcinogenesis?
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Which of the following best describes the function of oncogenes?
Which of the following best describes the function of oncogenes?
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Which of the following best describes Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis?
Which of the following best describes Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis?
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According to the text, what is the definition of cancer?
According to the text, what is the definition of cancer?
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What are the two main types of cancer-associated genes mentioned in the text?
What are the two main types of cancer-associated genes mentioned in the text?
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According to the text, what is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells called?
According to the text, what is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells called?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an environmental factor that can lead to genetic changes and cause cancer to develop?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an environmental factor that can lead to genetic changes and cause cancer to develop?
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Which technique is used to detect amplification of the c-myc gene in double minutes (dmins)?
Which technique is used to detect amplification of the c-myc gene in double minutes (dmins)?
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Which gene is amplified in double minutes (dmins) in the AML patient in Case 2?
Which gene is amplified in double minutes (dmins) in the AML patient in Case 2?
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Which type of chromosomal rearrangement is often detected in haematological malignancies and some solid tumors?
Which type of chromosomal rearrangement is often detected in haematological malignancies and some solid tumors?
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Which mechanism of oncogene activation involves the formation of novel hybrid fusion genes with transforming activity?
Which mechanism of oncogene activation involves the formation of novel hybrid fusion genes with transforming activity?
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Which theory suggests that carcinogenic agents disrupt interactions between cells that maintain tissue architecture, repair, and regulation?
Which theory suggests that carcinogenic agents disrupt interactions between cells that maintain tissue architecture, repair, and regulation?
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According to Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis, what is true about the recessive nature of tumor suppressor genes?
According to Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis, what is true about the recessive nature of tumor suppressor genes?
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Which process involves multiple mutations and is a characteristic of carcinogenesis?
Which process involves multiple mutations and is a characteristic of carcinogenesis?
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Which type of genes are involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation, and have the potential to become oncogenes?
Which type of genes are involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation, and have the potential to become oncogenes?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of oncogene activation?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of oncogene activation?
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What is the function of DNA mismatch-repair genes?
What is the function of DNA mismatch-repair genes?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the hallmarks of cancer?
Which of the following is NOT one of the hallmarks of cancer?
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How can cancer cells resist apoptosis?
How can cancer cells resist apoptosis?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cells that have bypassed replicative immortality?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cells that have bypassed replicative immortality?
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Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
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What is the function of telomeres?
What is the function of telomeres?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of oncogene activation?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of oncogene activation?
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Which type of mutation involves the alteration of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence?
Which type of mutation involves the alteration of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence?
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What is the result of gene amplification?
What is the result of gene amplification?
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Which gene is commonly amplified in small-cell lung cancer, breast/ovarian cancer, and leukemias?
Which gene is commonly amplified in small-cell lung cancer, breast/ovarian cancer, and leukemias?
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Study Notes
Recurrent Rearrangements and Oncogene Activation
- Inversion involves a segment being reversed end to end.
- The formation of novel hybrid fusion genes is a mechanism of oncogene activation.
- Oncogenes are involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation and have the potential to become oncogenes.
Tumor Suppressor Genes and Cancer
- TP53 is the most important tumor suppressor gene.
- TP53 can have missense mutations.
- Cancer is defined as a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
- The two main types of cancer-associated genes are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
- Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
Environmental Factors and Genetic Changes
- Environmental factors, except for aging, can lead to genetic changes and cause cancer to develop.
- DNA mismatch-repair genes are involved in the repair of DNA damage.
Chromosomal Rearrangements and Cancer
- Translocation is a type of chromosomal rearrangement often detected in haematological malignancies and some solid tumors.
- Amplification of the c-myc gene in double minutes (dmins) is detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique.
- The c-myc gene is amplified in double minutes (dmins) in the AML patient in Case 2.
Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis and Oncogene Activation
- Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis suggests that tumor suppressor genes are recessive in nature.
- The formation of novel hybrid fusion genes with transforming activity is a mechanism of oncogene activation.
Cancer Characteristics and Hallmarks
- Carcinogenesis involves multiple mutations.
- Telomeres are involved in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity.
- Cancer cells can resist apoptosis through various mechanisms.
- Cells that have bypassed replicative immortality have a characteristic of uncontrolled growth.
- Self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, and evasion of apoptosis are hallmarks of cancer.
- Genetic instability and mutation are hallmarks of cancer.
- Gene amplification results in the increase of gene copy number and expression.
Mutation Types and Gene Function
- Point mutation involves the alteration of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.
- HER2 gene is commonly amplified in small-cell lung cancer, breast/ovarian cancer, and leukemias.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of oncogene activation and DNA mismatch-repair genes. Learn about the different ways oncogenes can be activated and the role of DNA mismatch-repair genes in maintaining genomic stability.
