Cancer Genetics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of mutation causes cancer in somatic cells?

Missense mutation

What is the two-hit hypothesis for tumor suppressor genes?

Both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene must be mutated to cause cancer

What is the primary function of oncogenes?

Promote cell growth and division

How does genetic instability relate to cancer evolution?

It allows cancer cells to accumulate more mutations Signup and view all the answers

What does CAR stand for in CAR-T therapy?

Chimeric antigen receptors Signup and view all the answers

How are the engineered receptors used in CAR-T therapy expressed?

In T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of incorporating receptor gene into the genome in CAR-T therapy?

Use of patient's T-cells Signup and view all the answers

Why are CAR-T therapies not as effective for solid tumors?

Accessibility issue of cancer cell antigens in solid tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges associated with preventing genetic instability in cancer diagnostics?

Tumor heterogeneity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of suppressing the immune system in cancer treatment?

To prevent autoimmune reactions Signup and view all the answers

What was the antitumor effect observed in the study involving SF1126 and sorafenib?

Decrease in tumor volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential reason for the increase in tumor area after 30-35 days of drug treatment?

Development of drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is associated with colorectal cancer and regulates the canonical Wnt pathway growth?

APC Signup and view all the answers

Which gene causes Li-Fraumeni syndrome and inhibits cell cycle progression and stimulates apoptosis?

TP53 Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is involved in TGF-beta signaling and its variants result in loss of growth inhibitory signals?

SMAD4 Signup and view all the answers

Which gene codes for two proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, and inactivation mutations lead to over activation of Rb and lack of activation of p53?

CDKN2A Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of loss of PTEN?

Increased signaling for growth through PI3K signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which genes are associated with breast and ovarian cancer and are involved in DNA repair and genetic instability?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Signup and view all the answers

What can result from loss of cell cycle control and DNA repair pathways?

Escalating levels of mutation Signup and view all the answers

What can genetic instability in cancer lead to within a cancer cell line over months to years of culture?

Significant genetic drift Signup and view all the answers

What is used for pathological/molecular analysis to identify cancer in current diagnostics?

Biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is genomic analysis for cancer moving towards for early diagnostics and specific treatment options?

NGS sequencing panels Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of somatic cells in the human body?

40 trillion Signup and view all the answers

How are tumors classified based on invasiveness and likelihood of lethality?

By invasiveness and likelihood of lethality Signup and view all the answers

What increases the likelihood of mistakes (mutations) in the cell cycle?

Increase in cell divisions Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancers are germ-line linked?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

What induces most somatic mutations in cancers?

Environmental mutagens Signup and view all the answers

What provides a selective advantage for proliferation and/or inhibition of senescence/apoptosis in cancer stem cells?

Somatic mutations Signup and view all the answers

What does cancer evolution involve?

Increase in population size Signup and view all the answers

What makes it more difficult to treat cancer with anticancer drugs as it grows and evolves?

Increase in mutations in cell proliferation genes Signup and view all the answers

What did Bert Vogelstein and colleagues develop to describe the histological and genetic changes involved in tumorigenesis?

The Vogelgram Signup and view all the answers

What aspects does the text emphasize related to cancer basics?

Cell biology, genetics, environmental influences, and evolutionary aspects Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of mutant cancer genes?

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the activation of oncogenes?

Chromosomal translocations and gene duplications/amplifications Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of oncogenes mentioned in the text?

RAS, MYC, and ERBB2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes like TP53 and RB?

Involved in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and growth inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of mutations in oncogenes?

Gain of function Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of mutations in tumor suppressor genes?

Result in loss of function through various mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cancer genes in cellular pathways?

Promote survival in harsh environments and drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic instability in cancers lead to?

Chromosomal aberrations and increasing mutagenesis Signup and view all the answers

What can cancer genes be used for?

Early disease detection and treatment development Signup and view all the answers

What are mutant forms of proto-oncogenes that code for proteins involved in cell growth and differentiation?

Oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of RAS, MYC, and ERBB2?

Play roles in cell growth signaling and increased signaling for growth Signup and view all the answers

What can mutations in tumor suppressor genes result in?

Loss of function through various mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Cancer Genetics

Cancer genetics theory includes two main types of mutant cancer genes: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Cancers demonstrate genetic instability, leading to chromosomal aberrations and increasing mutagenesis
Cancer genes are involved in cellular pathways that promote survival in harsh environments and drug resistance
Different types of cancers harbor a variety of cancer genes, with some mutations being cancer-type specific
Cancer genes can be used for early disease detection and treatment development
Oncogenes are mutant forms of proto-oncogenes that code for proteins involved in cell growth and differentiation
Mutations in oncogenes typically result in a gain of function and are often caused by somatic mutations
Examples of oncogenes include RAS, MYC, and ERBB2, which play roles in cell growth signaling and increased signaling for growth
Chromosomal translocations and gene duplications/amplifications can lead to the activation of oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes like TP53 and RB are involved in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and growth inhibition
Tumor suppressor genes can be "driver genes" that initiate cancer progression and "follower genes" that facilitate cancer cell survival
Mutations in tumor suppressor genes can result in loss of function through various mechanisms, with most mutations being somatic

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