Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a bridge in a network?
What is the primary function of a bridge in a network?
- To generate new traffic and improve bandwidth
- To amplify signal strength and extend distance
- To connect multiple network segments and regulate traffic (correct)
- To create additional network hops for data transmission
Which of the following accurately describes modern Ethernet networks compared to legacy Ethernet?
Which of the following accurately describes modern Ethernet networks compared to legacy Ethernet?
- They transmit data over shared media at lower rates
- They can only operate in half-duplex mode for efficiency
- They require more physical distance due to lower speeds
- They operate at significantly higher speeds with dedicated segments (correct)
What type of device can function as a repeater in a Wi-Fi network?
What type of device can function as a repeater in a Wi-Fi network?
- Ethernet switches
- Network bridges
- Active hubs (correct)
- Routers with NAT capabilities
In switched Ethernet networks, what is a primary advantage over legacy Ethernet?
In switched Ethernet networks, what is a primary advantage over legacy Ethernet?
What is one of the main benefits of self-healing networks?
What is one of the main benefits of self-healing networks?
What is the main purpose of the OSI Model?
What is the main purpose of the OSI Model?
Which layers of the OSI Model are primarily implemented in software?
Which layers of the OSI Model are primarily implemented in software?
What does each layer in the OSI Model do in relation to the other layers?
What does each layer in the OSI Model do in relation to the other layers?
Which aspect of network management is improved by the layered architecture of the OSI Model?
Which aspect of network management is improved by the layered architecture of the OSI Model?
Which of the following statements about network layers is true?
Which of the following statements about network layers is true?
How does the OSI Model enhance communication between end users?
How does the OSI Model enhance communication between end users?
Which of the following best describes the lower layers of the OSI Model?
Which of the following best describes the lower layers of the OSI Model?
What defines a Local Area Network (LAN)?
What defines a Local Area Network (LAN)?
What distinguishes Wide Area Networks (WAN) from Local Area Networks (LAN)?
What distinguishes Wide Area Networks (WAN) from Local Area Networks (LAN)?
What was the original data rate of the first Ethernet network developed in the 1970s?
What was the original data rate of the first Ethernet network developed in the 1970s?
Which protocol was used in the original Ethernet for managing network traffic?
Which protocol was used in the original Ethernet for managing network traffic?
What major advancement has improved the speed and reliability of WAN technologies?
What major advancement has improved the speed and reliability of WAN technologies?
Which invention did the original Ethernet network use?
Which invention did the original Ethernet network use?
What is the significance of Ethernet (IEEE 802.x) in networking?
What is the significance of Ethernet (IEEE 802.x) in networking?
Who were the collaborators that led to the development of the 10-Mbps Ethernet Version 1.0 specification?
Who were the collaborators that led to the development of the 10-Mbps Ethernet Version 1.0 specification?
Which one of the following is NOT a layer in the OSI model?
Which one of the following is NOT a layer in the OSI model?
What is the original function of an Ethernet network?
What is the original function of an Ethernet network?
What modern technology is NOT typically associated with Ethernet networks?
What modern technology is NOT typically associated with Ethernet networks?
What is the purpose of protocols in networking?
What is the purpose of protocols in networking?
Which of the following describes an Ethernet segment?
Which of the following describes an Ethernet segment?
What essential components must an Ethernet frame contain?
What essential components must an Ethernet frame contain?
Which factor contributes to the increasing demand for local area networks?
Which factor contributes to the increasing demand for local area networks?
What type of cabling was historically used for Ethernet devices?
What type of cabling was historically used for Ethernet devices?
In the context of Ethernet, what does the term 'node' refer to?
In the context of Ethernet, what does the term 'node' refer to?
Which of the following motivations for local area networking focuses on enhancing security?
Which of the following motivations for local area networking focuses on enhancing security?
Which medium is currently more commonly used in Ethernet compared to historical usage?
Which medium is currently more commonly used in Ethernet compared to historical usage?
What is the main issue with connecting too many devices to a single segment in a CSMA/CD network?
What is the main issue with connecting too many devices to a single segment in a CSMA/CD network?
In a ring topology, what role does the token play during data transmission?
In a ring topology, what role does the token play during data transmission?
After a workstation sends a message in a ring topology, what happens to the token?
After a workstation sends a message in a ring topology, what happens to the token?
What is a characteristic of mesh topology in networking?
What is a characteristic of mesh topology in networking?
In a star topology, how is data transmitted between devices?
In a star topology, how is data transmitted between devices?
What type of cable can be used in the ring topology media?
What type of cable can be used in the ring topology media?
When a workstation recognizes the data intended for it in a ring topology, what action does it take?
When a workstation recognizes the data intended for it in a ring topology, what action does it take?
What is one advantage of using a mesh topology?
What is one advantage of using a mesh topology?
Which topology utilizes a digital switch for data transmission?
Which topology utilizes a digital switch for data transmission?
What occurs when the frame returns to the originator in a ring network after carrying a message?
What occurs when the frame returns to the originator in a ring network after carrying a message?
What is the primary benefit of the layered architecture in the OSI Model?
What is the primary benefit of the layered architecture in the OSI Model?
Which OSI layer primarily deals with user application interactions?
Which OSI layer primarily deals with user application interactions?
Which of the following layers in the OSI Model is primarily responsible for data transport?
Which of the following layers in the OSI Model is primarily responsible for data transport?
What is the relationship between the layers in the OSI Model?
What is the relationship between the layers in the OSI Model?
Why is network management considered easier in a layered architecture?
Why is network management considered easier in a layered architecture?
Which statement best describes the upper layers of the OSI Model?
Which statement best describes the upper layers of the OSI Model?
What best describes the function of protocols within the OSI Model?
What best describes the function of protocols within the OSI Model?
What is the historical medium used for Ethernet communication?
What is the historical medium used for Ethernet communication?
What do nodes in an Ethernet network refer to?
What do nodes in an Ethernet network refer to?
Which of the following best defines an Ethernet frame?
Which of the following best defines an Ethernet frame?
Which factor contributes to the enhancement of information exchange in local area networks?
Which factor contributes to the enhancement of information exchange in local area networks?
What primary advantage does Ethernet provide regarding the addition of devices?
What primary advantage does Ethernet provide regarding the addition of devices?
What modern technology is commonly used alongside current Ethernet standards?
What modern technology is commonly used alongside current Ethernet standards?
Which of the following best describes the term 'segment' in Ethernet networking?
Which of the following best describes the term 'segment' in Ethernet networking?
What significant benefit does a local area network provide to organizations?
What significant benefit does a local area network provide to organizations?
What is a primary advantage of peer-to-peer networking?
What is a primary advantage of peer-to-peer networking?
What is a key characteristic of client/server networking?
What is a key characteristic of client/server networking?
What does CSMA/CD stand for in networking terms?
What does CSMA/CD stand for in networking terms?
Which of the following represents a disadvantage of traditional Ethernet?
Which of the following represents a disadvantage of traditional Ethernet?
How does a server in client/server networking improve data integrity?
How does a server in client/server networking improve data integrity?
In a peer-to-peer network, how do users access each other's resources?
In a peer-to-peer network, how do users access each other's resources?
What results from a collision in a CSMA/CD network?
What results from a collision in a CSMA/CD network?
What is a limitation when using traditional Ethernet regarding network diameter?
What is a limitation when using traditional Ethernet regarding network diameter?
How can attenuation negatively impact an Ethernet network?
How can attenuation negatively impact an Ethernet network?
What role does a network operating system serve in client/server networking?
What role does a network operating system serve in client/server networking?
What role does the cladding play in a fiber optic cable?
What role does the cladding play in a fiber optic cable?
Which of the following statements is true regarding single mode fiber optics?
Which of the following statements is true regarding single mode fiber optics?
What is a significant disadvantage of fiber optic cables?
What is a significant disadvantage of fiber optic cables?
What typically causes attenuation in fiber optic cables?
What typically causes attenuation in fiber optic cables?
Which diameter range is typical for the core of fiber optic cables?
Which diameter range is typical for the core of fiber optic cables?
What is the main limitation of using CSMA/CD in a network?
What is the main limitation of using CSMA/CD in a network?
In a ring topology, what happens when a workstation identifies a frame destined for it?
In a ring topology, what happens when a workstation identifies a frame destined for it?
What initial condition allows a workstation to send a message in a ring topology?
What initial condition allows a workstation to send a message in a ring topology?
Which type of topology allows each node to serve as a relay for other nodes?
Which type of topology allows each node to serve as a relay for other nodes?
What is the first action performed by a workstation that wants to send data in a ring topology?
What is the first action performed by a workstation that wants to send data in a ring topology?
In which scenario does contention increase significantly in a CSMA/CD network?
In which scenario does contention increase significantly in a CSMA/CD network?
Which of the following best describes the role of the token in a token ring network?
Which of the following best describes the role of the token in a token ring network?
How does a star topology facilitate data transmission?
How does a star topology facilitate data transmission?
What type of media can be used in a ring topology?
What type of media can be used in a ring topology?
What is a characteristic of data frame circulation in ring topology?
What is a characteristic of data frame circulation in ring topology?
Flashcards
OSI Model
OSI Model
A standardization model for network communication functions in layers.
OSI Layers
OSI Layers
Logical layers in a communication system, each serving the layer above and below.
Network Protocols
Network Protocols
Rules that define data format and timing in communication.
Upper Layers
Upper Layers
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Lower Layers
Lower Layers
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Network Design Simplification
Network Design Simplification
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Network Management
Network Management
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Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
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CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
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Network Layer (OSI)
Network Layer (OSI)
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Link Layer (OSI)
Link Layer (OSI)
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Application Layer (OSI)
Application Layer (OSI)
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Transport Layer (OSI)
Transport Layer (OSI)
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Ethernet
Ethernet
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Network Medium
Network Medium
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Ethernet Segment
Ethernet Segment
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Network Node
Network Node
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Network Frame
Network Frame
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Cost reduction
Cost reduction
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Information exchange
Information exchange
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Network Automation
Network Automation
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Ad hoc network
Ad hoc network
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Portable-to-fixed network
Portable-to-fixed network
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What is a bridge's role in network segmentation?
What is a bridge's role in network segmentation?
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How do repeaters work?
How do repeaters work?
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What are switched Ethernet networks?
What are switched Ethernet networks?
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CSMA/CD Limitation
CSMA/CD Limitation
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Ring Topology
Ring Topology
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Token Ring Network
Token Ring Network
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Token Frame
Token Frame
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Token Ring Data Transmission
Token Ring Data Transmission
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Star Topology
Star Topology
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Digital Switch
Digital Switch
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Mesh Topology
Mesh Topology
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Mesh Node Collaboration
Mesh Node Collaboration
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Data Dissemination in Mesh
Data Dissemination in Mesh
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What is the OSI Model?
What is the OSI Model?
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What are the OSI layers?
What are the OSI layers?
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What are the Upper Layers?
What are the Upper Layers?
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What are the Lower Layers?
What are the Lower Layers?
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What is the purpose of network protocols?
What is the purpose of network protocols?
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What is the benefit of layered network design?
What is the benefit of layered network design?
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Why is the OSI Model important?
Why is the OSI Model important?
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Peer-to-Peer Networking
Peer-to-Peer Networking
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Client/Server Networking
Client/Server Networking
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Ethernet Disadvantages
Ethernet Disadvantages
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What is a network segment?
What is a network segment?
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What is a network node?
What is a network node?
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What is the role of a bridge in network segmentation?
What is the role of a bridge in network segmentation?
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What do repeaters do?
What do repeaters do?
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What is the role of a Repeater?
What is the role of a Repeater?
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What is a core in fiber optic?
What is a core in fiber optic?
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What is the function of cladding in fiber optic?
What is the function of cladding in fiber optic?
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What is modal dispersion?
What is modal dispersion?
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What are the advantages of fiber optic cables?
What are the advantages of fiber optic cables?
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What are the disadvantages of fiber optic cables?
What are the disadvantages of fiber optic cables?
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Protocols in Networking
Protocols in Networking
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Motivations for Local Area Networking
Motivations for Local Area Networking
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What are the benefits of LANs for businesses?
What are the benefits of LANs for businesses?
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How does Ethernet enable network expansion?
How does Ethernet enable network expansion?
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Study Notes
International & Access Foundation Programmes
- Computer Science Module, Semester 2, Part 4
- Topic: Networks - OSI model and Ethernet
- Lecturer: Nevan Bermingham
The OSI Model
- The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a standardization effort by the International Organization for Standardization.
- It standardizes communications system functions through abstraction layers.
- Similar communication functions are grouped into logical layers.
- Each layer serves the layer above and is served by the layer below.
- Most modern network communication protocols are based on the OSI model.
- The lecture will cover Ethernet and IP locations in the OSI model and the modern GSM mobile network.
- Layer architecture simplifies network design.
- Network applications are easier to debug in a layered architecture.
- Network management is simplified through layered architecture.
- Network layers operate according to a set of rules (protocols).
- Protocols define data exchange format, control, and timing for layer communication.
Upper Layers of the OSI Model
- The upper layers deal with application issues and are mostly implemented in software.
- It's the layer closest to the end user, handling communications between users through application layer processes.
- Example tasks include application issues, e-mail, file transfer, and client-server interactions.
Lower Layers of the OSI Model
- Handles Data Transport, Physical, and Data Link Layers
- Typically implemented in hardware and software.
OSI Model Layers
- Application: Network process to application. Data Representation and Encryption.
- Presentation: Data representation and encryption
- Session: Interhost communication
- Transport: End-to-End Connections and Reliability
- Network: Path Determination and IP Logical Addressing
- Data Link: MAC and LLC (Physical Addressing)
- Physical: Media, Signal, and Binary Transmission
Ethernet (IEEE 802.x)
- Originated in the 1970s as an experimental coaxial cable network by Xerox.
- Initial data rate: 3 Mbps.
- Used a carrier sense multiple access/collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocol.
- Became popular and widely deployed globally.
- Modern Ethernet uses fiber optics, satellite, and microwave point-to-point communications.
- Ethernet communication occurs over a single cable shared by all devices.
- Devices can communicate with any other device on the network without modification.
LAN's & WAN's
- Local Area Network (LAN): Connects devices within a building.
- Wide Area Network (WAN): Connects devices across distances.
- WANs often use dedicated lines leased from telephone companies.
- Ethernet utilises technologies like fibre optics, satellite, and microwave for extending range and improving speed and reliability.
Ethernet Hubs and Switches
- Ethernet hubs provide a central connection point for devices.
- Ethernet switches, unlike hubs, create a dedicated segment for each device, reducing collisions and improving network performance.
Networking
- Networking allows sharing information between multiple computers.
- The internet is a large example, but smaller networks are also vital.
- Libraries use computer terminals instead of card catalogs for quick and easy access.
Types of Network Topologies
- Bus Topology: All devices connect to a common medium. Collisions can occur if multiple devices transmit simultaneously. The most traditional Ethernet topology.
- Ring Topology: Stations connect in a ring, with data transmitted through the ring. Each station copies the data and transfers it to the next until it gets to its destination. Token ring is an example of this type.
- Star Topology: Devices connect to a central switch or hub. Each communication goes through the central hub which decides to which device the data should go to.
- Mesh Topology: Each device connects to several other devices, increasing reliability, although installation requires more work and has a higher cost. Often seen in wireless scenarios.
- Wireless Topology: Wireless connections to other devices, using the electromagnetic spectrum.
Network Design
- Peer-to-Peer: All computers are equal, directly sharing resources.
- Client-Server: Centralized server manages data, security, and resources.
Transmission Mediums (Definition)
- Transmission media are the physical pathways that connect devices on a network.
- Examples include:
- Twisted pair
- Coaxial cable
- Fiber optic cable
- Microwave
- Infrared
- Satellite.
Transmission Mediums (Types)
- Bound Media: Twisted pair, Co-axial cables, Fiber optic. Transmit signals within a physical means
- Unbound Mediums: Microwaves, Infrared, Satellite. Transmit signals through the air or via other signals.
Modulation
- Modulation involves combining data signals with a higher-frequency carrier signal, to transmit the signal.
- This facilitates signal transmission over longer distances, and through different media.
- Types include:
-Amplitude modulation
- Frequency modulation
- Digital modulation
- Methods such as phase-shift keying (PSK) and frequency-shift keying (FSK).
Modem, Cable, and Fibre-optic Technologies
- Modem transfers digital data over telephone or cable lines.
- Cable lines used for broadband internet, televisions.
- Fiber optic uses light pulses to carry data over long distances with high bandwidth.
Ethernet Switches, Repeaters, and Bridges
- Switches manage traffic between network segments, enabling more efficient data transfer compared to hubs.
- Repeaters boost the signal for longer transmission distances.
- Bridges interconnect different network segments.
Disadvantages of Ethernet
- Distance limitations due to signal attenuation.
- Interference.
Advantages of Fiber-optics
- High Bandwidth, non-flamable, light-weight, no electromagnetic interference.
Applications for these Mediums
- Microwave point-to-point, common for long-distance communication links like tv and radio broadcasting.
- Infrared is often used for short-range communication.
- Satellites can create interconnections for high capacity communication across countries.
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