OCR A-Level Biology Module 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in organisms?

  • To generate haploid gametes for sexual reproduction (correct)
  • To produce genetically identical cells for growth
  • To create diploid cells for repair
  • To facilitate asexual reproduction

Which factor is NOT involved in the regulation of gene expression?

  • Cell division (correct)
  • Transcription factors
  • Environmental stimuli
  • Epigenetic modifications

How does mitosis differ from meiosis?

  • Mitosis is for sexual reproduction; meiosis is for asexual reproduction
  • Mitosis results in four gametes; meiosis results in two cells
  • Mitosis only occurs in unicellular organisms; meiosis occurs in multicellular organisms
  • Mitosis produces identical daughter cells; meiosis produces genetic variation (correct)

What does the study of population genetics focus on?

<p>The distribution of genetic variation within populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gene expression is true?

<p>Gene expression involves mechanisms to synthesize proteins from genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Single circular chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cellular respiration, which of the following processes generates the most ATP?

<p>Electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Intracellular transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling involves long-distance communication between cells?

<p>Endocrine signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of photosynthesis, where do the light-dependent reactions occur?

<p>Chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of prokaryotic cells provides protection and structure?

<p>Capsule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Protein modification and sorting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is mitosis?

The process by which a single parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

What is meiosis?

A specialized cell division process where one diploid cell divides into four haploid gametes. It plays a crucial role in sexual reproduction.

What is gene expression?

The process by which genetic information encoded in a gene is used to create a protein.

What is gene regulation?

Mechanisms that regulate when and how genes are expressed, crucial for cell differentiation, development, and environmental responses.

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What is population genetics?

Study of genetic variation within populations, focusing on how traits are distributed and altered over time.

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What's the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus, while prokaryotic cells lack them.

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Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments, like microtubules and microfilaments, that provide structural support, helps with intracellular transport, and enables cell movement.

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Cell signaling

Cell signaling involves communication between cells through chemical messengers (signals) that bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, triggering a series of events leading to a cellular response.

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Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic) to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, where light energy is captured to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances, and helps in protein folding and transport.

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

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Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that digest and break down waste materials, old organelles, and engulfed pathogens.

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Study Notes

Module 2: Key Concepts

  • OCR A-Level Biology Module 2 covers eukaryotes and prokaryotes, cell signaling, and genetics across organisms.
  • The module emphasizes how biological processes are interconnected and adapt to environments.
  • Gene expression control, mitosis, meiosis, and genetics are key cellular-level topics.
  • Organisms' interactions with their environment is repeatedly examined through examples and case studies.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles).
  • Each organelle has a specific role in cellular functions (energy production, protein synthesis, waste disposal).
  • The cytoskeleton shapes the cell and enables internal transport.

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

  • Prokaryotic cells are simpler, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
  • Key features include a cell wall (often peptidoglycan), capsule (protective outer layer), plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a single circular chromosome.

Cell Signaling

  • Cell signaling enables communication between cells for coordinated responses to internal and external triggers.
  • Signaling pathways are cascades, starting with a signal molecule and resulting in a cellular response.
  • Signaling pathways are various depending on the distance the signal travels (paracrine, endocrine, etc.).

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration breaks down organic molecules to produce ATP (energy).
  • Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain form this process.
  • Anaerobic and aerobic respiration yields different ATP amounts.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthetic organisms use light to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
  • Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, with light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

Mitosis and Meiosis

  • Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells from a parent cell, essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
  • Meiosis forms four haploid gametes from a single diploid cell, vital for sexual reproduction.

Gene Expression and Regulation

  • Gene expression uses gene information to create proteins.
  • Gene expression regulation controls when and how genes are expressed (critical for development, differentiation, and environmental responses).
  • Transcription factors and epigenetic modifications affect gene expression.

Genetics in Relation to Organisms

  • Mendelian genetics, inheritance patterns, and probability are studied.
  • Population genetics examines genetic variation within populations.
  • Molecular genetics explores DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

Case Studies

  • Case studies demonstrate biological concepts and practical applications across organisms and their environmental interactions.

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