Diagonal Conjugate Quiz and Flashcards for Obstetrics

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Questions and Answers

Which vessels drain the pelvis mainly?

Common iliac veins

Inferior mesenteric veins

Hepatic portal vein

Internal iliac veins and their tributaries (correct)

Where do the ovarian veins join in the abdomen?

Left renal vein (correct)

Abdominal aorta

Right renal vein

Inferior vena cava

Which veins form the largest tributaries of the internal iliac veins?

Iliolumbar veins

Superior gluteal veins (correct)

Medial sacral veins

Middle rectal veins

Where do the vesical plexus, prostatic plexus, and uterine plexus drain primarily?

Internal iliac veins Signup and view all the answers

Which veins form an important portacaval shunt when the hepatic portal system is blocked?

Middle rectal veins Signup and view all the answers

Where does the part of the venous plexus surrounding the rectum and anal canal drain?

Caval system Signup and view all the answers

Which pelvic type is described as male-like and has a heart-shaped pelvic inlet?

Android pelvis Signup and view all the answers

The true (obstetrical) conjugate is measured from the middle of the sacral promontory to which structure?

Posterosuperior margin of the pubic symphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of female pelvis that is long, narrow, and oval in shape, resembling an ape-like pelvis?

Anthropoid pelvis Signup and view all the answers

How is the diagonal conjugate measured?

Using the tip of the middle finger from sacral promontory to the superior margin of pubic symphysis Signup and view all the answers

What angle does the subpubic arch form in a gynecoid pelvis?

~90 degrees Signup and view all the answers

Which pelvic type has a subpubic arch that forms an angle of approximately 70 degrees?

Android pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

Transport sperm from the epididymis during ejaculation Signup and view all the answers

Where does the female urethra open?

2 cm posteroinferior to the clitoris in the vestibule of the vagina Signup and view all the answers

Which structure divides the scrotum into two sacs?

Median ridge called the raphe Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the scrotum?

External loose skin, Dartos muscle, Cremasteric muscle, Tunica vaginalis, Tunica albunginia Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

Secrete seminal fluid for sperm nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tunica albuginea in the testes?

Forms septa that divide each testis lobules Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in males?

Secrete mucus for lubrication of the urethra Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the male urethra runs anterioinferiorly posterior to pubic symphysis?

Bulb of penis Signup and view all the answers

What happens during spermatogenesis in males?

Seminiferous tubules produce sperm cells in testes Signup and view all the answers

What divides the diamond-shaped perineum into two triangles?

Transverse line joining the anterior ends of the ischial tuberosities Signup and view all the answers

What structures form the boundaries of the anal triangle?

Anterior margin of the perineal membrane Signup and view all the answers

Where does the anal canal begin and end?

Rectal ampulla to anus Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the anal canal and descends postero-inferiorly between the anococcygeal ligament and the perineal body?

Internal and external anal sphincters Signup and view all the answers

Which structure marks the posterior boundary of the perineum?

Coccyx Signup and view all the answers

What structures form the anterolateral boundaries of the perineum?

Ischiopubic rami Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter composed of?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system innervates the internal anal sphincter?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What nerves provide voluntary innervation to the external anal sphincters?

Pudendal nerves Signup and view all the answers

What fills the ischio-anal fossae to support the anal canal?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What closes the urogenital triangle anterior to the transverse line?

Perineal membrane Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located at the midpoint of the line joining the ischial tuberosities?

Perineal body Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Venous Drainage of the Pelvis

Pelvis is primarily drained by the internal iliac veins.
Ovarian veins join the inferior vena cava or renal vein in the abdomen.
Largest tributaries of the internal iliac veins include the gluteal veins, obturator veins, and lateral sacral veins.
Vesical plexus, prostatic plexus, and uterine plexus primarily drain into the internal iliac veins.
When the hepatic portal system is blocked, the superficial epigastric vein and the paraumbilical veins form an important portacaval shunt.
Venous plexus surrounding the rectum and anal canal drains into the internal iliac veins.

Pelvic Types

The male-like pelvic type with a heart-shaped inlet is described as the android pelvis.
The true (obstetrical) conjugate is measured from the middle of the sacral promontory to the superior pubic symphysis.
The anthropoid pelvis is long, narrow, and oval-shaped, resembling an ape-like pelvis.
The diagonal conjugate is measured from the lower border of the pubic symphysis to the sacral promontory.
In the gynecoid pelvis, the subpubic arch forms an angle of approximately 90 to 100 degrees.
The android pelvis has a subpubic arch that forms an angle of approximately 70 degrees.

Male Reproductive Structures

The ductus deferens transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
The female urethra opens at the external urethral orifice above the vaginal opening.
The scrotum is divided into two sacs by the septum, formed by the dartos muscle and fascia.
Composition of the scrotum includes skin, muscle (dartos), and connective tissue.
Seminal vesicles produce and secrete a fluid that nourishes sperm and forms part of semen.
The tunica albuginea encapsulates the testes and provides structural support.
Bulbourethral glands secrete pre-ejaculatory fluid to lubricate the urethra.

Anal Canal and Perineum

The male urethra runs anteroinferiorly posterior to the pubic symphysis in the prostatic and membranous segments.
Spermatogenesis involves the transformation of spermatogonia into spermatozoa within the seminiferous tubules.
The diamond-shaped perineum is divided into two triangles by the transverse line through the ischial tuberosities.
Boundaries of the anal triangle include the coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and the line joining them.
The anal canal begins at the rectum and ends at the anus.
The anal canal is surrounded by ischioanal fat and descends postero-inferiorly between anococcygeal ligament and the perineal body.
The posterior boundary of the perineum is marked by the coccyx.
Anterolateral boundaries of the perineum include the ischial tuberosities and pubic symphysis.

Anal Sphincters

Internal anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle.
The internal anal sphincter is innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
External anal sphincters receive voluntary innervation from the pudendal nerve.
Ischio-anal fossae are filled with fat to support the anal canal.
The urogenital triangle is closed anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and the transverse perineal muscle.
The midpoint of the line joining the ischial tuberosities is a key anatomical landmark in the perineum.

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Description

Learn about the obstetrical and diagonal conjugate measurements used in obstetrics. Understand how to measure each distance accurately for assessment purposes.

Obstetrical and Diagonal Conjugate Measurement in Obstetrics

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