Object Oriented Programming Using C++

New Horizon College, Marathalli

• College location: Bangalore - 560103
• Subject Code: BCA 303T
• Subject Name: Object Oriented Programming Using C++
• Faculty Name: NagarajuKilari, Sr. Asst. Prof & HOD-BCA

C++ Overview

• C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language.
• It supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.
• C++ is considered a middle-level language, combining high-level and low-level language features.
• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs, New Jersey.
• Initially named "C with Classes," it was renamed C++ in 1983.
• C++ is a superset of C, meaning virtually any legal C program is also a legal C++ program.

C++ Program Structure

• A C++ program is a collection of objects that communicate by calling each other's methods.
• Object: An object has states (data) and behaviors (methods). Example: A dog has states like color, name, and breed, and behaviors like wagging, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.
• Class: A class is a template or blueprint for creating objects. It defines the states and behaviors that an object of that type support.
• Methods: Methods are the behaviors of a class. They contain the logic, manipulate data, and perform actions in an object.
• Instance Variables: Instance variables are unique to each object and define its state.

C++ Comments

• Comments begin with // for single-line comments and /* */ for multi-line comments
• Comments are ignored by the compiler.

C++ Keywords

• Keywords are reserved words in C++ and cannot be used as identifiers (variable or function names).
• A list of example keywords is provided in the document

C++ Data Types

• Primitive Data Types: C++ supports various primitive data types like Boolean, Character, Integer, Floating-point, and Double Floating-point.

C++ Variables

• Variables are named storage locations that hold data values.
• Variables have specific data types that define the size, layout, and operations allowed on the data stored.

C++ Identifiers

• Identifiers are names given to variables, functions, classes, etc.
• Rules for forming identifiers: must start with a letter or underscore, can include letters, digits, and underscores, and are case-sensitive.

C++ Constants/Literals

• Constants are fixed values that the program cannot alter, represented as literals.
• Types include integer literals (decimal, octal, hexadecimal), floating-point literals, character literals, and string literals.

C++ Arrays

• Arrays store a collection of data in contiguous memory locations.
• Declaring an array: type arrayName [arraySize]; (e.g., double balance [10];)
• Initializing an array: type arrayName [size] = {values}; (e.g., double balance[5]={1000.0,2.0,3.4,17.0,50.0};)
• Accessing array elements: arrayName[index] (e.g., double amount = balance[9];)

C++ Strings

• C-style character strings: null-terminated arrays of characters.
• String class, provided by the C++ standard library, offers additional functionality (e.g., strcpy, strcat, strlen).

C++ Functions

• Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks.
• Function declaration: specify return type, name, and parameter types.
• Function definition: provides the actual code the function executes.
• Function call: invoking the function's name with its required parameters.

C++ Arrays in Detail

• Multi-dimensional arrays: arrays with more than one dimension are supported.
• Pointers to arrays: pointers can be used to access elements within an array.
• Passing arrays to functions: array names can be used as arguments, effectively passing a pointer to the first element.

C++ Loops

• while loop: repeats a block of code as long as a condition is true.
• for loop: used for executing a code sequence repeatedly.
• do-while loop: repeats a code block at least once, and then continues as long as a condition is true.
• Nested loops: loops inside other loops.

C++ Decision Making Statements

• if statement: executes a block of code if a condition is true.
• if...else statement: executes one block if the condition is true and another block if it's false.
• switch statement: performs different actions based on the value of an expression.
• Nested if statements: if statements contained within other if statements or within else clauses

C++ Pointers

• Pointers store memory addresses.
• Accessing memory locations using pointers

C++ Basic Input/Output

• I/O (Input/Output).
• I/O streams (input and output streams) are sequences of bytes that flow between the program and external devices such as disk drives and keyboard.

C++ Classes and Objects

• Classes are blueprints (templates) for objects, encompassing data (variables) and actions (functions called methods).
• Objects are instances of classes. Data members of objects are variables, while member functions are actions object does.

C++ Inheritance

• Inheritance: enables creation of a new class from an existing class without redefining the data and methods in the new class.
• Base class: the template class that will be inherited.
• Derived class: inherits the members (properties) of the base class.

C++ Templates

• Templates: allow creating reusable components that can handle various data types without rewriting the same code for each type used.

C++ Exceptions

• Exceptions: a problem or error that occurs during execution.
• try block: identifies a potentially problematic block of code.
• catch block: handles the exception raised within the try block.
• throw statement: actively raises an exception.

This lesson provides an overview of C++, a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose programming language. Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, C++ supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming. The lesson highlights its program structure, composed of objects communicating through methods.