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Questions and Answers

What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer is a malignant growth of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system.

What is the normal weight of the prostate gland?

  • 50-70 grams
  • 100 grams
  • 20-30 grams (correct)
  • 150-200 grams

    • What is a major contributor to the formation of semen?

    The prostate gland contributes around 20-30% of the seminal fluid that makes up semen.

    Most prostate cancers grow slowly and easily spread to bones and lymph nodes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for prostate cancer?

    <p>Consumption of a diet rich in leafy green vegetables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostatitis, or inflammation of the prostate gland, is a risk factor for prostate cancer.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hormonal changes associated with BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)?

    <p>With age, there is a loss of testosterone which leads to an increased release of prolactin, estradiol, LH and FSH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that keeps semen in a liquid form?

    <p>PSA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can increase tissue levels of DHT, which is a form of testosterone.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antiandrogen medications?

    <p>Block the action of testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two common symptoms of prostate cancer?

    <p>Frequent burning urination or incomplete bladder emptying, weak or interrupted urine flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two potential treatments for prostate cancer?

    <p>Surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, cryotherapy, and chemotherapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Orchiectomy involves the surgical removal of both testicles.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The [BLANK] is used to examine the prostate gland for abnormalities.

    <p>Digital rectal examination (DRE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test that measures the levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood?

    <p>PSA test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A PSA level of 0-4 ng/ml is considered slightly elevated.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments for prostate cancer with their descriptions:

    <p>Surgery = Surgical removal of the prostate gland and surrounding tissue Radiation therapy = Use of high energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells Hormonal therapy = Manipulation of hormone levels to block testosterone production or its actions Cryotherapy = Freezing of cancer cells with extreme cold Chemotherapy = Use of drugs to destroy cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Prostate Cancer

    A form of cancer that develops in the prostate gland, a male reproductive organ.

    Prostate Gland Size

    Normal prostate size is about 20-30 grams. A diseased prostate can grow up to 100 grams.

    PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)

    A protein produced by the prostate gland. Elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer.

    Metastasis

    The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

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    Risk Factor (Age)

    The risk of prostate cancer increases with age, commonly over 65.

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    Risk Factor (Race)

    African American men have a higher risk of prostate cancer than White men.

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    Risk Factor (Family History)

    Having a father or brother with prostate cancer increases personal risk.

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    Risk Factor (Obesity)

    Excess weight is a risk factor for prostate cancer.

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    Risk Factor (Diet)

    Diets high in saturated fat may increase prostate cancer risk.

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    Risk Factor (Hormonal Disturbance)

    Imbalances in male hormones like androgens can be a risk.

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    Risk Factor (Smoking)

    Smoking is associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer.

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    Risk Factor (Infection)

    Prostatitis (prostate inflammation) can increase prostate cancer risk.

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    Risk Factor (Genetic Mutation)

    Certain genes or genetic mutations can impact prostate cancer risk.

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    BPH

    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate).

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    Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)

    A physical exam using a finger in the rectum to feel for prostate abnormalities.

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    Prostate Specific Antigen Test (PSA)

    A blood test to identify elevated levels indicative of potential problems, including prostate cancer

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    Biopsy

    A tissue sample for further examination

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    Treatment (Surgery)

    Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate

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    Treatment (Radiation)

    High-energy beams to destroy cancer cells

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    Treatment (Cryotherapy)

    Using extreme cold to kill cancer cells.

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    Treatment (Hormonal Therapy)

    Adjusting hormones to impede cancer growth.

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    Prevention (Exercise)

    Regular aerobic exercise reduces risk of prostate cancer.

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    Prevention (Diet)

    A balanced diet low in red meat, with fruits, vegetables, and fish are helpful.

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    Study Notes

    Prostate Cancer Overview

    • Prostate cancer is a malignant growth of the prostate gland, found in the male reproductive system.
    • Most prostate cancers grow slowly but can metastasize (spread) to bones and lymph nodes.
    • The size of a typical cancerous prostate ranges from a small kiwi fruit to a large walnut.
    • Normal prostate weight is 20-30 grams, while a diseased one can weigh up to 100 grams.

    Prostate Cancer Risk Factors

    • Age: Risk increases after 65 years.
    • Race: African Americans have a higher risk than whites.
    • Family History: Family history of the disease (father, brother) increases risk.
    • Obesity: Being obese increases the risk.
    • Diet: Diets high in saturated fats increase the risk.
    • Hormonal Disturbances: Increased androgen levels increase the risk.
    • Smoking: Smoking is a risk factor.
    • Infection & Inflammation: Infections and inflammation of the prostate gland (prostatitis) increase the risk.
    • Inherited Genes/Genetic Mutations: Specific genetic mutations (e.g., PRCA1) increase the risk.

    Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

    • As men age, testosterone levels decline, and prolactin, estradiol, LH, and FSH release increases.
    • Elevated estrogen inhibits the body's testosterone and DHT metabolism.
    • These hormonal changes increase DHT concentration in prostate tissue.
    • Prostate tissue receptors have a 5-fold greater affinity for DHT than testosterone.
    • BPH tissue has a 3-4-fold greater ability to increase DHT levels.
    • DHT and estrogen stimulate cell growth and proliferation, contributing to BPH.

    Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Staging

    • Digital Rectal Examination (DRE): Doctor feels the prostate gland to detect shape, size, and abnormalities; used to diagnose the cancer.

    • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: A blood test to measure PSA levels; elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer, but not always. Ranges from 0-4 (normal), 4-10 (slightly elevated), 10-20 (moderately elevated), >20 (highly elevated).

    • Biopsy: A tissue sample taken from the prostate to confirm cancer diagnosis.

    • Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Guided imaging used to target biopsy sites in the prostate.

    • MRI Scan: A diagnostic imaging technique to reveal detailed images; used to locate cancer.

    • CT Scan: Used to detect the spread of cancer, either locally or to other parts of the body.

    • Staging: Stage I-Cancer not palpable by DRE, localized; Stage II- Cancer felt on DRE, limited to the prostate; Stage III- Cancer spreads beyond the capsule to local organs; Stage IV- Cancer spreads to distant lymph nodes, bone, or other sites..

    Treatment Options

    • Surgery: Prostate removal (radical prostatectomy), or test removal (orchiectomy).
    • Radiation Therapy: High energy X-rays destroy cancer cells. Subtypes include external beam and brachytherapy (internal).
    • Cryosurgery: Freezing tumors to destroy cancer cells.
    • Hormonal Therapy: Suppresses or blocks testosterone production to inhibit growth of tumor cells; includes drugs that prevent adrenal androgens like ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide, and Oestrogen (ethinyl estradiol and DES) as a last resort. LHRH analogues (e.g., Leuprolide, goserelin) stop the testes from producing testosterone. Antiandrogens (e.g. flutamide, nilutamide) block the effects of testosterone.
    • Chemotherapy: Drugs that kill cancer cells; typically used in advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.

    Prostate Cancer Prevention

    • Regular Aerobic Exercise: Helps reduce risk.
    • Balanced Diet:
      • Limit red meat and saturated fats.
      • Eat more vegetables, especially tomatoes (due to lycopene).
      • Eat fish regularly.
      • Eat more fiber, to help regulate hormones like testosterone.
    • Multivitamins: Take supplements including vitamin D and antioxidants (selenium).

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