Questions and Answers
What are essential nutrients?
Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.
The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.
2000
Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.
True
Aerobic respiration can produce around __________ ATP per glucose molecule and lactic acid fermentation produces __________ ATP.
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When excess glucose is present, it is used to form glycogen through a process called _________.
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What takes place during the absorptive state?
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What is the total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time called?
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What is the term for the gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact?
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What does cyanide prevent in the electron-transport chain?
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In glycolysis, glucose is converted to __________
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The net yield of glycolysis from a single glucose molecule includes __________.
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Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to __________.
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Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to __________.
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A single 'turn' of the Krebs cycle will yield __________.
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The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a _______ acid to a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid.
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The electrons transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to __________.
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Where does the movement of protons through ATP synthase occur?
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Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?
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Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism are called __________.
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Which of the following is an example of catabolism?
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When is NAD+ reduced to form NADH in glycolysis?
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During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.
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In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.
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Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a __________ pump.
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The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 32 molecules due to the production of lactic acid.
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With uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the increased lipid metabolism will cause an increase in formation of ______.
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The transformation of acetyl-CoA to free fatty acids is a process called _______.
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Exercise programs contribute to basal metabolism.
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If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, _______ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.
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When amino acids are linked together to form a protein, _____________.
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Which of the following molecules has the most stored chemical energy?
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Considering fast-twitch muscle cells rely on anaerobic respiration for ATP production, whereas slow-twitch muscle cells rely on aerobic respiration, which of the following is true?
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Study Notes
Essential Nutrients
- Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body in adequate amounts, requiring dietary intake.
Daily Values
- Food label Daily Values are based on a 2000-kilocalorie reference diet.
Anabolic Reactions
- Anabolic reactions facilitate protein synthesis from amino acids.
ATP Production
- Aerobic respiration generates approximately 32 ATP from one glucose molecule, while lactic acid fermentation yields only 2 ATP.
Glycogenesis
- Excess glucose is converted into glycogen through a process known as glycogenesis.
Absorptive State
- During the absorptive state, glucose can be transformed into energy, glycogen, or fats.
Metabolic Rate
- Metabolic rate refers to the total energy produced and utilized by the body over a specific time frame.
Heat Transfer
- Heat transfer through infrared energy between objects not in physical contact is termed radiation.
Cyanide Poisoning
- Cyanide blocks the electron transport chain by preventing the final transfer of electrons to oxygen, hindering water formation.
Glycolysis
- In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate, with a net yield of 2 NADH and 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Anaerobic Conditions
- Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid.
Krebs Cycle Entry
- Prior to entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is transformed into acetyl-CoA.
Krebs Cycle Yield
- Each complete turn of the Krebs cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
Initial Krebs Cycle Reaction
- The Krebs cycle begins with a 2-carbon molecule joining a 4-carbon molecule.
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons transferred through the electron transport chain are derived from NADH and FADH2.
ATP Synthase Function
- Proton movement occurs through ATP synthase from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix.
Vitamin Requirements
- Among nutrient classes, vitamins are required in the smallest amounts.
Role of Vitamins
- Vitamins serve as small, essential organic compounds required for metabolism.
Catabolism Example
- Glycolysis is a prime example of a catabolic pathway.
NAD+ Reduction
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis following the sugar cleavage step.
Glycolysis Outputs
- Glycolysis yields 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
Citric Acid Cycle
- The citric acid cycle initiates with oxaloacetic acid combining with acetyl-CoA to create citric acid.
Proton Pumps
- Electron transport chain complexes act as proton pumps, removing H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
ATP Yield in Aerobic Respiration
- The actual ATP yield in aerobic respiration is often less than the theoretical 32 due to factors including energy loss, but not due to lactic acid production.
Diabetes Effects
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to increased lipid metabolism and elevated ketone body formation.
Lipogenesis Process
- The conversion of acetyl-CoA to fatty acids is referred to as lipogenesis.
Basal Metabolism
- Factors like exercise programs do not contribute to basal metabolic rate (BMR) calculations.
Heat Loss Mechanism
- When external air temperature exceeds skin temperature, sweating becomes an effective heat loss method via evaporation.
Protein Formation Energy Use
- Linking amino acids to form proteins consumes energy obtained from ATP.
Energy Storage in Molecules
- The molecule C4H10 contains the highest stored chemical energy among the examples given.
Muscle Cell Respiration Types
- Fast-twitch muscle cells predominantly use anaerobic respiration for ATP, while slow-twitch muscle cells rely on aerobic respiration.
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Test your knowledge of essential nutrients and metabolism concepts with these flashcards. Covering topics like daily values and protein synthesis, this quiz is a handy tool for students and anyone interested in nutrition science.
