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Questions and Answers
What are essential nutrients?
What are essential nutrients?
Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.
The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.
The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.
2000
Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.
Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.
True
Aerobic respiration can produce around __________ ATP per glucose molecule and lactic acid fermentation produces __________ ATP.
Aerobic respiration can produce around __________ ATP per glucose molecule and lactic acid fermentation produces __________ ATP.
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When excess glucose is present, it is used to form glycogen through a process called _________.
When excess glucose is present, it is used to form glycogen through a process called _________.
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What takes place during the absorptive state?
What takes place during the absorptive state?
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What is the total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time called?
What is the total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time called?
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What is the term for the gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact?
What is the term for the gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact?
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What does cyanide prevent in the electron-transport chain?
What does cyanide prevent in the electron-transport chain?
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In glycolysis, glucose is converted to __________
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to __________
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The net yield of glycolysis from a single glucose molecule includes __________.
The net yield of glycolysis from a single glucose molecule includes __________.
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Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to __________.
Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to __________.
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Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to __________.
Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to __________.
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A single 'turn' of the Krebs cycle will yield __________.
A single 'turn' of the Krebs cycle will yield __________.
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The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a _______ acid to a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid.
The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a _______ acid to a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid.
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The electrons transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to __________.
The electrons transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to __________.
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Where does the movement of protons through ATP synthase occur?
Where does the movement of protons through ATP synthase occur?
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Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?
Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?
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Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism are called __________.
Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism are called __________.
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Which of the following is an example of catabolism?
Which of the following is an example of catabolism?
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When is NAD+ reduced to form NADH in glycolysis?
When is NAD+ reduced to form NADH in glycolysis?
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During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.
During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.
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In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.
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Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a __________ pump.
Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a __________ pump.
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The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 32 molecules due to the production of lactic acid.
The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 32 molecules due to the production of lactic acid.
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With uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the increased lipid metabolism will cause an increase in formation of ______.
With uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the increased lipid metabolism will cause an increase in formation of ______.
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The transformation of acetyl-CoA to free fatty acids is a process called _______.
The transformation of acetyl-CoA to free fatty acids is a process called _______.
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Exercise programs contribute to basal metabolism.
Exercise programs contribute to basal metabolism.
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If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, _______ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.
If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, _______ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.
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When amino acids are linked together to form a protein, _____________.
When amino acids are linked together to form a protein, _____________.
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Which of the following molecules has the most stored chemical energy?
Which of the following molecules has the most stored chemical energy?
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Considering fast-twitch muscle cells rely on anaerobic respiration for ATP production, whereas slow-twitch muscle cells rely on aerobic respiration, which of the following is true?
Considering fast-twitch muscle cells rely on anaerobic respiration for ATP production, whereas slow-twitch muscle cells rely on aerobic respiration, which of the following is true?
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Study Notes
Essential Nutrients
- Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body in adequate amounts, requiring dietary intake.
Daily Values
- Food label Daily Values are based on a 2000-kilocalorie reference diet.
Anabolic Reactions
- Anabolic reactions facilitate protein synthesis from amino acids.
ATP Production
- Aerobic respiration generates approximately 32 ATP from one glucose molecule, while lactic acid fermentation yields only 2 ATP.
Glycogenesis
- Excess glucose is converted into glycogen through a process known as glycogenesis.
Absorptive State
- During the absorptive state, glucose can be transformed into energy, glycogen, or fats.
Metabolic Rate
- Metabolic rate refers to the total energy produced and utilized by the body over a specific time frame.
Heat Transfer
- Heat transfer through infrared energy between objects not in physical contact is termed radiation.
Cyanide Poisoning
- Cyanide blocks the electron transport chain by preventing the final transfer of electrons to oxygen, hindering water formation.
Glycolysis
- In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate, with a net yield of 2 NADH and 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Anaerobic Conditions
- Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid.
Krebs Cycle Entry
- Prior to entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is transformed into acetyl-CoA.
Krebs Cycle Yield
- Each complete turn of the Krebs cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
Initial Krebs Cycle Reaction
- The Krebs cycle begins with a 2-carbon molecule joining a 4-carbon molecule.
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons transferred through the electron transport chain are derived from NADH and FADH2.
ATP Synthase Function
- Proton movement occurs through ATP synthase from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix.
Vitamin Requirements
- Among nutrient classes, vitamins are required in the smallest amounts.
Role of Vitamins
- Vitamins serve as small, essential organic compounds required for metabolism.
Catabolism Example
- Glycolysis is a prime example of a catabolic pathway.
NAD+ Reduction
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis following the sugar cleavage step.
Glycolysis Outputs
- Glycolysis yields 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
Citric Acid Cycle
- The citric acid cycle initiates with oxaloacetic acid combining with acetyl-CoA to create citric acid.
Proton Pumps
- Electron transport chain complexes act as proton pumps, removing H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
ATP Yield in Aerobic Respiration
- The actual ATP yield in aerobic respiration is often less than the theoretical 32 due to factors including energy loss, but not due to lactic acid production.
Diabetes Effects
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to increased lipid metabolism and elevated ketone body formation.
Lipogenesis Process
- The conversion of acetyl-CoA to fatty acids is referred to as lipogenesis.
Basal Metabolism
- Factors like exercise programs do not contribute to basal metabolic rate (BMR) calculations.
Heat Loss Mechanism
- When external air temperature exceeds skin temperature, sweating becomes an effective heat loss method via evaporation.
Protein Formation Energy Use
- Linking amino acids to form proteins consumes energy obtained from ATP.
Energy Storage in Molecules
- The molecule C4H10 contains the highest stored chemical energy among the examples given.
Muscle Cell Respiration Types
- Fast-twitch muscle cells predominantly use anaerobic respiration for ATP, while slow-twitch muscle cells rely on aerobic respiration.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of essential nutrients and metabolism concepts with these flashcards. Covering topics like daily values and protein synthesis, this quiz is a handy tool for students and anyone interested in nutrition science.
