Nutrition and Energy Metabolism

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What constitutes daily energy expenditure (DEE)?

BMR only

BMR, physical activity, and DIT (correct)

Only physical activity and DIT

BMR plus dietary requirements

How is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) defined?

Energy required for bodily functions at rest (correct)

Energy expenditure while actively working

Total energy used during the day

Energy expenditure after a workout

What does 'resting metabolic rate' (RMR) refer to?

Metabolic rate post-meal

Metabolic rate during physical activity

Metabolic rate when awake and resting (correct)

Metabolic rate during sleep only

Which of the following is true about essential nutrients?

They must be obtained from the diet Signup and view all the answers

What protects vitamin B12 from digestive enzymes in the upper GI tract?

Intrinsic Factor Signup and view all the answers

What does RDA stand for and what does it represent?

Recommended Dietary Allowance, the average daily intake for almost all healthy individuals Signup and view all the answers

The term 'conditionally essential nutrients' refers to:

Nutrients needed only under specific conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for the absorption of vitamin D?

Passive diffusion in the distal small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a macroelement?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamins in the body?

To support essential biochemical processes Signup and view all the answers

What role does sodium play in the absorption of nutrients?

Helps in the transport of other substances Signup and view all the answers

When is Adequate Intake (AI) used as a dietary recommendation?

When there is not enough data to establish RDA Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypovitaminosis?

Insufficient amount of vitamins in food Signup and view all the answers

How is chloride mainly absorbed in the intestine?

As a result of sodium absorption and secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of microelements in the human body?

Measured in amounts less than 1 mmol/l in blood Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is generated as a product of carotenoids?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily responsible for potassium absorption in the small intestine?

Unregulated passive paracellular diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of magnesium absorption occurs by passive paracellular mechanisms?

90% Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the gastrointestinal tract is primarily involved in calcium absorption?

Duodenum Signup and view all the answers

How is water generally absorbed in the small intestine?

Through osmosis following electrolyte concentration gradients Signup and view all the answers

In what condition does the body absorb the most water?

Under isotonic conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated total water loss in adults during prolonged heavy exercise?

6700 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component contributing to insensible water loss from the lungs in hot weather?

Increased respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver for osmotic water movement across the gut wall?

Concentration gradients of absorbed electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

Where are water-soluble vitamins predominantly absorbed from dietary sources?

Proximal small intestine Signup and view all the answers

How is niacin mainly absorbed in the body?

Through the stomach wall and small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is absorbed through a process that does not depend on sodium or pH?

Riboflavin Signup and view all the answers

What role do pancreatic peptidases play in the absorption of biotin?

They liberate biotin from protein for absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin's absorption is facilitated by an active sodium-dependent process known as SMVT?

Biotin Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin's absorption is unique due to its complex with dietary protein?

Cobalamin Signup and view all the answers

Through which transport mechanism is ascorbic acid primarily absorbed?

Active co-transport with sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of absorption for pantothenic acid in small concentrations?

Na+-dependent carrier-mediated process Signup and view all the answers