Nutritional Deficiencies in Gastrointestinal Patients

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Which of the following statements about Total daily energy expenditure (TEE) is most accurate?

TEE is the amount of dietary energy a patient requires (correct)

TEE is measured using indirect calorimetry

TEE accounts for ~75% of Resting energy expenditure (REE)

TEE is greater than Resting energy expenditure (REE)

What is the average daily minimum protein requirement of a healthy adult?

0.80 g/kg

0.65 g/kg (correct)

1.5 g/kg

2.0 g/kg

What is the most frequent current recommendation for protein intake in critically ill patients?

2.0 g/kg

0.80 g/kg

1.5 g/kg (correct)

0.65 g/kg

What is the loss of 15 g N (nitrogen)/d in the absence of dietary protein provision equivalent to in terms of protein loss?

470 g Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended energy provision for protein-sparing effect in systemic inflammation?

50-70% TEE Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of starvation-related malnutrition (SRM) in hospitalized patients?

Involuntary food deprivation Signup and view all the answers

What are the cardinal anatomic diagnostic features of SRM?

Generalized muscle atrophy and subcutaneous adipose tissue depletion Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe SRM complicated by chronic systemic inflammation?

Chronic disease–related malnutrition (CDM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of SRM worldwide?

Involuntary food deprivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reducing REE (resting energy expenditure) and net protein catabolism during starvation?

To allow prolonged survival Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is approximately synonymous with CDM (Cachexia Disease Mechanism)?

Cachexia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of CDM in patients?

Anorexia-driven inadequate food consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for ADM (Acute Disease-Related Malnutrition)?

SRM Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate rate of loss of body cell mass in ADM compared to simple starvation?

Three to five times greater Signup and view all the answers

What are the cardinal anatomic features of starvation disease (SRM or CDM)?

Generalized muscle atrophy and diminished body fat Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these equations correctly calculates the body mass index (BMI)?

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these statements is true about the effect of CDM on edema formation?

CDM increases edema formation Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these statements is true about the effect of SRM on ECF volume?

SRM increases ECF volume Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these statements is true about the effect of increased ECF volume on muscle atrophy in patients with SRM and CDM?

Increased ECF volume worsens muscle atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these ranges is considered normal for the body mass index (BMI)?

20-25 kg/m2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one of the three kinds of specialized nutritional support (SNS) mentioned in the text?

Forced enteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is forced enteral nutrition (EN)?

Delivering a liquid nutrient formula through a tube placed in the stomach or small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is parenteral nutrition (PN)?

Infusing a nutritionally complete mixture directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps involved in the management of in-hospital nutritional disorders?

Selection of SNS, composition, and administration Signup and view all the answers

Why do physicians need to collaborate with clinical dietitians and specialized pharmacists in the management of in-hospital nutritional disorders?

To compensate for incomplete training in clinical nutrition Signup and view all the answers