Introduction to Human Physiology Quiz

<p>Assimilation transforms substances for use, while excretion removes waste (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth of new tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as the outer boundary of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins and lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is double-layered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm and organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates a selectively permeable barrier for substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outer membrane and inner membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide sites for energy production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria are composed of two membranous layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating the diffusion of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide cells with basic needs like oxygen and food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 200 different specialized cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical signaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help maintain homeostasis within the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organ systems are built around specialized cells that perform specific functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To release signaling proteins and waste products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pinocytosis vesicles are smaller than those in phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signaling proteins and waste products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pinocytosis involves small vesicles, while phagocytosis involves large vacuoles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate movement similar to rowers in a boat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On the apical surface of epithelial cells lining hollow organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are only present in specific locations in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motile cilia are able to beat and create movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motile cilia project from the apical surface of stationary epithelial cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have various types of cells working together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assist in fluid balance and signaling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-nutrient chemicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stores and modifies substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicles that break off from the Golgi apparatus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaking down unwanted substances and cellular debris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are packaged into vesicles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participating in cell signaling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microfilaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To position and move organelles and macromolecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are three main structural elements of the cytoskeleton. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows selective transport of substances in and out of the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Made up of a phosphate bilayer with proteins embedded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The invagination of the plasma membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They permit the selective permeability of the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pocket by invagination of the plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protein channels within the lipid bilayer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation into a lysosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It separates the internal cytoplasm from the external environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It invaginates to form a pocket (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transport mucus to the pharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory system and female reproductive tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is swallowed or expectorated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aid in the movement of mucus along the surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia work synchronously to move mucus towards the pharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which absorbed substances are transformed into usable forms by the body.

The removal of waste substances from the body.

Organ systems work together to ensure individual cells receive the vital resources they need to survive.

Oxygen, food, and waste removal are essential for cell survival.

200 different types of specialized cells exist within the body.

Specialized cells work together to maintain the overall balance within the body.

Organ systems contribute to maintaining the body's overall homeostasis.

The outermost layer of a cell that encloses the cytoplasm and organelles.

The jelly-like substance inside a cell, where organelles are suspended.

Specialized structures within a cell, each with a specific function.

A type of fat molecule that makes up part of the cell membrane.

Large molecules that perform various functions in the cell membrane, including transporting substances.

The outer layer of a mitochondrion, serving as the outer boundary.

The inner layer of a mitochondrion, folded into cristae, where energy production takes place.

The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane, increasing its surface area and boosting energy production.

The process of converting nutrients into energy, primarily carried out in the mitochondria.

The energy-carrying molecule produced by mitochondria, used by the cell for various processes.

The process by which cells take in small molecules (like nutrients) from their surroundings by enclosing them in tiny vesicles.

Large vesicles formed by cells engulfing big particles, like bacteria or food debris.

The release of substances from a cell into the extracellular environment.

Cells need to take in nutrients and remove waste products to function properly.

Signaling proteins are crucial for communication between cells.

Cilia that can move, found in specific locations of the body, projecting from the apical surface of epithelial cells lining hollow organs.

The surface of epithelial cells that faces the lumen, or cavity, of a hollow organ.

Stationary cells lining hollow organs.

The space within a hollow organ.

Motile cilia are found in locations where they can move substances within the body, like in the respiratory system, where they move mucus.

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living organism.

The basic building blocks of living organisms, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Essential chemicals needed in small amounts for various bodily functions, like vitamins and minerals.

Minerals that carry an electric charge when dissolved in water. They play a crucial role in nerve and muscle function, fluid balance, and many other bodily processes.

Water is the most abundant component in the human body. It acts as a solvent, transports substances, and regulates body temperature.

The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds every cell. It's made up of two layers of lipids called a lipid bilayer. This structure allows the cell to control which substances enter and exit, protecting the cell's internal environment and ensuring its proper functioning.

The lipid bilayer is made up of two layers of lipid molecules. These lipids have a head that loves water (hydrophilic) and a tail that hates water (hydrophobic). This arrangement creates a barrier that only lets certain substances pass through.

The cell membrane plays a vital role in regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell. This includes taking in nutrients, eliminating waste products, and maintaining a stable internal environment.

Many different types of molecules move across the cell membrane using various transport mechanisms. Some, like small, non-polar molecules, can pass through directly. Others require specialized proteins to help them cross the membrane.

The cell membrane is highly dynamic and constantly changing to meet the cell's needs. It can adjust its composition and transport capabilities in response to various signals and changes in the cell's environment.

Vesicles that break off from the Golgi apparatus and are responsible for breaking down waste materials within a cell, kind of like a cell's recycling center.

The Golgi apparatus processes products from the ER, like a factory converting raw materials into finished goods, and then packages these substances into vesicles for various cellular functions.

The Golgi apparatus receives products from another organelle called the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

Substances produced by the ER are modified and packaged by the Golgi apparatus and are essential for a variety of cell functions. For example, they might be used for building new cell parts, producing hormones or removing harmful substances.

Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi apparatus. They are like tiny garbage disposals that break down waste materials within a cell.

The cytoskeleton provides structural support and acts as a transport network within the cell, helping to move organelles and molecules.

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments make up the cytoskeleton.

Microtubules are the largest and hollow tubes, involved in cell shape, organelle movement, and cell division.

Microfilaments are the smallest, made of protein chains, and help with cell movement, muscle contraction, and cell division.

Intermediate filaments are thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules. They provide strength and structural support to cells, especially those under stress.

Specialized, hair-like structures that move in a coordinated way, found on epithelial cells lining certain body cavities.

The movement of mucus in the respiratory tract, where cilia push it upwards to the pharynx.

The part of the throat where mucus is transported, where it can be swallowed or expelled.

The plasma membrane of a cell folds inward, creating a pocket around the target particle or particles.