Nutrition Needs in Pregnancy and Aging

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason pregnant women require increased calcium and iron in their diet?

To improve mental health

To support their own energy needs

To build bones, teeth, and blood for the fetus (correct)

To decrease the risk of muscle cramps

Breastfeeding mothers require less calcium in their diets.

False (B)

Why do adults experience a decrease in energy requirements with age?

Activity levels and growth slow down.

Males generally have more muscle mass than _______ which requires more energy.

fat Signup and view all the answers

Match the groups with their respective nutritional needs:

Children = Higher proportion of protein in diet Active Individuals = Increased energy requirements Adults = Decrease in energy requirements with age Breastfeeding Mothers = Increased energy and extra calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are essential components of a balanced diet?

Carbohydrates and Vitamins (D) Signup and view all the answers

A balanced diet prevents malnutrition.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What condition is caused by consuming excessive amounts of saturated fat?

Coronary heart disease (CHD) Signup and view all the answers

Malnutrition can lead to conditions such as ______ and obesity.

coronary heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nutrients with their functions:

Carbohydrates = Energy source Proteins = Building and repairing tissues Vitamins = Supporting immune function Dietary Fiber = Aiding digestion Signup and view all the answers

What effect does insufficient fiber intake have on the body?

Inability to push digested food through the alimentary canal (A) Signup and view all the answers

Energy requirements remain constant regardless of activity levels.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name a mineral essential for a balanced diet.

Calcium or Iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Primary source of energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are essential for hormone production.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Name one source of dietary fibre.

Whole grains Signup and view all the answers

________ is needed for strong bones and teeth, and can be obtained from sunlight.

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nutrients with their deficiency symptoms:

Calcium = Osteoporosis Vitamin C = Scurvy Vitamin A = Night blindness Iron = Anaemia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fats should be avoided?

Trans fats (A) Signup and view all the answers

Water is not essential for any bodily processes.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamins and minerals in the body?

To maintain health. Signup and view all the answers

The two types of carbohydrates are and .

simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is primarily involved in maintaining healthy bones?

Calcium (B) Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

King's InterHigh

Leading online school
Focuses on online learning

Structure & Function in Living Organisms

Movement of substances into and out of cells
Topic: Transport

Week 12 BIO Discovery - A Balanced Diet

Textbook page references: 52-57, 59-61
Previous week: Movement across membranes 2
Next week: Digestive System

Learning Objectives

Balanced diet should include appropriate proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water, and dietary fiber
Sources and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats and oils), vitamins A, C, D, mineral ions (calcium, iron), water, and dietary fiber
Energy requirements vary with activity levels, age and pregnancy

What is a balanced diet?

Provides all essential nutrients in the correct proportions
Prevents malnutrition and related health issues
Image: Pyramid depicting food groups

Malnutrition

Health problems caused by malnutrition
Coronary heart disease (CHD): Consuming excessive saturated fat and cholesterol. Fatty deposits build up in arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart and leading to heart attacks.
Obesity: More energy is consumed than expended. Excess energy is stored as fat. This can lead to obesity, CHD, and type 2 diabetes.
Constipation: Insufficient fiber in the diet. This causes difficulty pushing digested food through the digestive system, increasing the risk of bowel cancer.
Rickets: Insufficient vitamin D or calcium. This results in deformed growing bones.

Sources and Functions of Nutrients

Explore the name, function, and sources of the 7 main food groups.
Students should create a summary table

Carbohydrates

Function: Primary source of energy
Sources: Bread, cereals, pasta, rice, potatoes
Types:
- Simple carbohydrates (sugars)
- Complex carbohydrates (starches)

Proteins

Function: Growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues
Sources: Meat, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts
Composed of amino acids
Essential for:
- Enzyme production
- Hormone regulation
- Immune system function

Lipids (Fats and Oils)

Function: Energy storage, insulation, hormone production
Sources: Butter, oils, nuts, avocados, fatty fish
Types:
- Saturated fats
- Unsaturated fats (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated)
- Trans fats (to be avoided)

Dietary Fibre

Function: Aids digestion by providing bulk, pushing food through the intestines, promotes gut health
Types:
- Soluble fiber: Lowers cholesterol and blood sugar
- Insoluble fiber: Promotes regular bowel movements
Sources: Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes

Water

Function: Essential for all bodily processes; metabolic reactions take place in aqueous solutions
Sources: Water, beverages, fruits, vegetables

Vitamins and Minerals

Function: Needed in small quantities to maintain health
Sources: Fruits, vegetables, meats, dairy products

Examples of Vitamins and Minerals

Nutrient	Role in the Body	Deficiency Symptoms	Food Sources
Calcium	Needed for strong teeth and bones; involved in blood clotting	Osteoporosis (weak bones later in life)	Milk, cheese, eggs
Vitamin D	Helps absorb calcium; required for strong bones and teeth	Weak bones, rickets (in children)	Oily fish, dairy, sunlight (made by the body)
Vitamin C	Forms collagen (skin, hair, gums, bones)	Scurvy (bleeding gums, fatigue)	Citrus fruits, green vegetables
Vitamin A	Needed to make pigment in the retina for vision	Night blindness, dry skin	Liver, dairy, leafy green vegetables, eggs
Iron	Needed to make hemoglobin; helps carry oxygen	Anemia (fatigue, weakness)	Red meat, liver, leafy green vegetables, spinach

Factors Affecting Nutritional Needs

Nutritional requirements vary throughout life and different quantities of the same food groups are needed
Children need more protein and Adults need less protein and more energy per day due to their lowered level of activity
Active individuals need higher energy requirements, Pregnant women need extra energy, calcium and iron for the developing foetus, while breastfeeding mothers need the extra energy and calcium for production of breastmilk, and males typically have higher average energy requirements due to their higher muscle mass compared to fat

Let's check our understanding True or False

Bread, pasta, and rice are good sources of carbohydrates (True)
Breastfeeding mothers require less calcium in their diets (False)
Males have higher average energy requirements (True)
Iron is needed to make pigment in the retina for vision (False)
Fruit and vegetables are an excellent source of protein (False)
Dietary fiber pushes food through our intestines (True)

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Description

This quiz explores the nutritional requirements of pregnant women and the changes in energy needs as adults age. It covers essential minerals like calcium and iron, and how they impact health during these stages. Test your knowledge on matching nutritional needs with specific groups.