Nutrition Midterm Chapters 1-7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of nutrition?

The scientific study of food and how it nourishes the body and influences our health.

What is Healthy People 2020?

National health promotion and disease prevention plan developed by the Department of Health and Human Services.

What are macronutrients?

Nutrients the body requires, including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

What are micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals needed in varying amounts in the body, which assist with many metabolic functions. Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates?

The primary source of energy for our body, stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. Signup and view all the answers

What do proteins do in the body?

They contribute to cell growth, repair, maintenance, and act as enzymes and hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids/fats?

They provide energy, supply essential fatty acids, and enable the transport of fat-soluble vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K. Signup and view all the answers

What does RDA stand for?

Recommended Dietary Allowance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the scientific method?

Observation, develop hypothesis, design experiment, collect and analyze. Signup and view all the answers

What does the CDC do?

The leading federal agency that protects human health and safety. Signup and view all the answers

What is wellness?

A multidimensional process including physical, emotional, and spiritual health. Signup and view all the answers

What is malnutrition?

Nutritional status that is out of balance, not getting enough or too many nutrients over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is undernutrition?

Too little nutrients or calories over a specific time period causing weight loss or nutritional deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'hunger' refer to?

A physiological drive to consume food. Signup and view all the answers

What are essential fatty acids?

Fatty acids that the body cannot make, including linoleic (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic (omega-3). Signup and view all the answers

How many Kcals are in 1 gram of alcohol?

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What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

The process of adding water to chemical reactions to digest food. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary enzyme for fat digestion?

Lipase. Signup and view all the answers

What are saturated fats?

Fats that have all hydrogen bonds saturated without any carbon double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is transamination?

The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another. Signup and view all the answers

What is catabolism?

The process of breaking down large molecules to release energy. Signup and view all the answers

What are complete proteins?

Proteins that contain all 9 essential amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

Where are proteins synthesized?

In the ribosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cholesterol esterase?

The primary enzyme for digesting cholesterol esters in the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What are probiotic foods?

Foods that help create beneficial bacteria in the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition Fundamentals

Nutrition Definition: Study of food's role in nourishing the body and influencing health.
Healthy People 2020: National health promotion and disease prevention initiative by the Department of Health and Human Services.

Nutrient Categories

Macronutrients: Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates crucial for energy and function; measured in calories.
Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals, noncaloric, needed for metabolic processes.

Macronutrient Details

Carbohydrates: Primary energy source, stored as glycogen in muscles and liver; includes digestible and non-digestible fiber.
Proteins: Comprised of amino acids, essential for cell growth and repair, metabolic regulation, fluid balance, and energy when necessary.
Lipids/Fats: Provide energy, assist vitamin absorption, offer organ protection, and improve food palatability.

Vitamins and Dietary Guidelines

Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, K.
Water-Soluble Vitamins: C and B vitamins.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Developed by USDA and USDHHS to promote healthful lifestyles.

Nutritional Requirements

RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowance, the standard for nutrient intake.
EAR: Estimated Average Requirement, nutrient levels estimated to meet needs of half the population.
UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level, maximum daily intake not likely to cause adverse health effects.
AI: Adequate Intake, established when RDA cannot be determined.

Health Concepts

Wellness: A holistic view of health encompassing physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.
Malnutrition: Imbalance in nutritional status from undernutrition or overnutrition.
Undernutrition: Insufficient nutrient or calorie intake leading to deficiencies.
Starvation: Severe nutrient deprivation over time causing body tissue breakdown.

Food Labels and Regulations

FDA: Responsible for food labeling regulation.
Mandatory Food Label Information: Includes product identity, net contents, manufacturer details, ingredient list, and nutrition information.

Digestive System Overview

GI Tract: Involves peristalsis for food movement; includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Hydrolysis: The process of digesting food by adding water.
Lipase: Enzyme that digests fats.

Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism

Digestive Process: Begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach and small intestine; involves enzymes like amylase for carbohydrates and lipase for fats.
Glycemic Index: Measures a food's potential to raise blood sugar and insulin levels.
Triglycerides: Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; energy storage molecules.

Protein Aspects

Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins, distinguished by nitrogen presence; essential ones must be consumed.
Peptide Bonds: Connect amino acids together; proteins synthesized in the ribosome.
Complete vs. Incomplete Proteins: Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids, whereas incomplete proteins lack some.

Alcohol and Its Effects

Alcohol Absorption: Mainly in digestive system, primarily metabolized by the liver.
Caloric Content: 7 kcal per gram of alcohol, with moderate consumption defined.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Result of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy leading to significant infant issues.

Health Implications of Fats

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats: Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats contain double bonds and are liquid.
Essential Fatty Acids: Linoleic (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic (omega-3) fats that must be obtained from the diet.

Metabolic Processes

Anabolism and Catabolism: Anabolism builds large molecules from smaller substrates; catabolism breaks large molecules down to release energy.
Transamination: Transfers amine groups to create new amino acids.
Lipoproteins: Chylomicrons transport lipids into the bloodstream post-digestion.

Disorders and Conditions

Celiac Disease: Immune reaction damaging the small intestine due to gluten.
Crohn’s Disease: Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

This summary condenses key concepts about nutrition, covering definitions, classifications, digestion, and health impacts of various nutrients and dietary components.

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Test your knowledge on key nutrition concepts with these flashcards covering chapters 1-7 of your midterm. Topics include the definition of nutrition, Healthy People 2020 initiatives, and macronutrients. Perfect for a quick review before your exam!