Nutrition Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the main function of bile?

Emulsify fat

After absorption, the larger fats and fat soluble vitamins are first released into the _______.

Lymphatic system

How many calories do vitamins produce per gram?

How many K calories are provided by a food that contains 65 grams of carbohydrates, 14 grams of protein, and 13 grams of fat?

433 Signup and view all the answers

What can you say to correct someone who always refers to meat as a protein?

Practically all the foods contain mixtures of the energy yielding nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following contain mixtures of the energy nutrients except?

Oil Signup and view all the answers

What are essential nutrients?

Those that must be obtained from foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is nutrigenomics?

Scientific discipline studying the interactions between genes, the environment, and nutrition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the science of the nutrients in foods and their actions within the body?

Nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Define malnutrition.

Any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake. Signup and view all the answers

What are foods?

Products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What are nutrients?

Chemical substances obtained from food used in the body for energy, structure, and regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot produce them in sufficient quantity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a diet?

The foods and beverages a person consumes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the six classes of nutrients?

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water. Signup and view all the answers

List the building blocks of energy-yielding nutrients.

Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen; Fats: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Define kilocalorie (kcal) and the energy it provides.

A measure of heat energy; carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal/gram and lipids provide 9 kcal/gram. Signup and view all the answers

What does AMDR stand for?

Ranges of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Define AI in relation to nutrient intake.

The average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion. Signup and view all the answers

Define DRI.

A set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the U.S. and Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What does EAR stand for?

The average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific function in half the healthy people of a given group. Signup and view all the answers

Define EER.

The average dietary energy intake that maintains energy balance and good health for an individual. Signup and view all the answers

What does UL stand for?

The maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people. Signup and view all the answers

Recall the AMDR's for carbohydrates, protein, and lipids.

Carbohydrates: 45-65%, Protein: 10-35%, Fats: 20-35%. Signup and view all the answers

Name at least three chronic diseases with a strong nutritional component.

Heart Disease, Diabetes, Cancer, Stroke. Signup and view all the answers

List the USDA's five major food groups.

Fruits, Vegetables, Grains, Protein, Dairy. Signup and view all the answers

Define nutrient density.

A measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides. Signup and view all the answers

What are Exchange Lists?

Diet-planning tools that categorize foods by their proportions of carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is Daily Value?

Reference values developed by the FDA for use on food labels. Signup and view all the answers

What is Daily Value %?

The percentage of a Daily Value recommendation found in a specified serving of food. Signup and view all the answers

List the components of the nutritional facts panel.

Serving size, servings per container, calorie (kcal) information, and %DV information. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how a nutrient differs from a food.

You can consume a food that provides energy but no nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between organic and inorganic molecules.

Organic: Contains Carbon; Inorganic: Lacks Carbon. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the use of a bell-shaped curve to help identify DRI values.

RDA covers all of the bell-shaped curve for healthy people; EAR covers half of the curve. Signup and view all the answers

Utilize the information found on the nutrition facts panel to assess food quality.

The ingredient list is important along with grams of sugar and fat. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the differences between nutrient claims, health claims, and structure-function claims on food labels.

Nutrient Claims: 'Fat Free'; Health Claims: 'Oatmeal lowers cholesterol'; Structure-function Claims: 'Probiotics improve health.' Signup and view all the answers

What is digestion?

The process by which food is broken down into absorbable units. Signup and view all the answers

What is absorption?

The uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis?

Wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push contents along. Signup and view all the answers

What is mucus?

A slippery substance that protects cells from digestive juices. Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers secreted by glands in response to altered conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What are digestive enzymes?

Proteins found in digestive juices that break down food substances. Signup and view all the answers

Define bolus.

A portion or the amount of food swallowed at one time. Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What is pH?

A measure expressing a substance's acidity or alkalinity. Signup and view all the answers

List the chemicals involved in the digestion process.

Bicarbonate, Bile, Gastric Juices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the esophagus?

The conduit from the mouth to the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What is the stomach?

A muscular portion of the digestive tract that grinds and churns food. Signup and view all the answers

What is the small intestine?

A 10-foot length of intestine where major digestion and absorption occur. Signup and view all the answers

Define pancreas.

A gland that secretes digestive enzymes and juices into the duodenum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the liver's function?

The organ that manufactures bile. Signup and view all the answers

What does the gallbladder do?

Stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the duodenum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the large intestine?

The lower portion of the intestine that completes the digestive process. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of water in digestion.

Digestive juices contain water; it's crucial for moving food through the system. Signup and view all the answers

How do intestinal cells facilitate nutrient absorption?

Folds and villi increase surface area for nutrient uptake. Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria, hormones, and nerves influence GI health?

A healthy bacteria population supports GI health; hormones and nerves coordinate digestion. Signup and view all the answers

Why is bile required for lipid digestion?

Bile increases fat absorption and serves as a route for excretion of bilirubin. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the relationship between digestive and cardiovascular systems.

Digestive organs rely on the circulatory system for nutrient distribution. Signup and view all the answers

What are simple carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides and disaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What are complex carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides like starch, fiber, and glycogen. Signup and view all the answers

Define monosaccharides and provide examples.

Monosaccharides are single sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose. Signup and view all the answers

What enzymes are involved in the digestion of starch?

Amylase, Lactase, Maltase, Sucrase. Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolic pathway?

Sequences of biochemical reactions that occur in living cells, mainly for energy exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of glycolysis?

Pyruvate acid, ATP, and NADH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood glucose concentration for a healthy adult?

Random: Below 11.1 mmol/l, Fasting: Below 6.1 mmol/l, 2 hours after eating: Below 7.8 mmol/l. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of insulin and glucagon.

Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it by triggering glycogen breakdown. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of carbohydrates in the diet?

To provide energy as the body's main source of fuel. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss carbohydrate storage.

Short term: Glycogen in the liver; Long term: Triglycerides in fat cells. Signup and view all the answers

Summarize carbohydrate digestion and absorption.

Carbohydrates are digested into their elementary forms along the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

Describe lactose intolerance symptoms.

Symptoms include gas, bloating, indigestion, and diarrhea. Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of dietary fiber?

Promotes movement through the digestive system and increases stool bulk. Signup and view all the answers

What are the negative effects of consuming sugars?

Added sugars may increase the risk of chronic diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Explain glycemic response.

The speed of glucose absorption and level in the blood; associated with diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

How do insulin and glucagon maintain glucose concentration?

Insulin lowers glucose; glucagon increases it, balancing blood levels. Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommendations for fiber intake?

25 grams for women, 38 grams for men. Signup and view all the answers

Name three important monosaccharides in nutrition.

Fructose, Glucose, Galactose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal carbohydrate used to sweeten homemade iced tea?

Fructose. Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates should contribute approximately what percentage of total daily energy intake?

45-65%. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a polysaccharide.

Starch. Signup and view all the answers

What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and gums?

Fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

Protect stomach cells from gastric juices. Signup and view all the answers

The _________ is formed in the mouth.

Bolus Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrients are digested in the small intestine?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition Basics

Nutrition is the science of nutrients in foods and their bodily functions, encompassing human behaviors regarding food.
Malnutrition refers to conditions resulting from excess or inadequate nutrient intake.
Foods are plant or animal products that provide energy and nutrients for life maintenance, growth, and tissue repair.
Nutrients are substances from food that provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents for bodily functions; they may help prevent diseases.

Types of Nutrients

Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body; about 40 are essential for humans.
The six classes of nutrients are Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins (energy-yielding), Vitamins, Minerals, and Water.
Nutrient density measures the nutrient content relative to energy; high nutrient density means more nutrients and fewer calories.

Energy and Measurement

A kilocalorie (kcal) measures heat energy, with carbohydrates and proteins providing 4 kcal/g and lipids 9 kcal/g.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for carbohydrates: 45-65%, proteins: 10-35%, and fats: 20-35%.

Dietary Guidelines and Claims

Daily Values (DV) are FDA reference values for food labels; %DV shows nutrient content based on a 2000-kcal diet.
Nutrient claims indicate food nutrient content, health claims relate to disease prevention, and structure-function claims highlight nutrient impacts on bodily processes.

Digestive System Overview

Digestion is the process of breaking down food into absorbable units; absorption is the uptake of nutrients for transport.
Peristalsis are muscular contractions pushing contents along the GI tract. Mucus protects GI lining from digestive juices.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones like insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose) regulate energy balance and metabolism.
Insulin is released when glucose is high, promoting glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis; glucagon is triggered when glucose is low, breaking down glycogen.

Carbohydrates and Their Functions

Carbohydrates serve primarily as energy sources, with two categories: simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex (polysaccharides).
Lactose intolerance arises from lactose digestion issues, leading to symptoms like bloating and gas; treated with lactase supplements or dairy alternatives.

Nutritional Assessment and Intake

Nutritional assessment uses dietary intake data, including recommended daily allowances (RDA), adequate intakes (AI), and estimated average requirements (EAR) to evaluate diet.
Dietary fiber plays a crucial role in digestive health, promoting movement through the digestive system and improving stool bulk.

Digestion and Nutrient Absorption

Digestive enzymes like amylase, lactase, maltase, and sucrase break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars; secreted by organs like the pancreas and intestines.
Bile is essential for emulsifying fats, aiding in lipid digestion and absorption; it is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Health Implications and Recommendations

Chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer have strong nutritional components.
Recommendations include 25 grams of fiber for women and 38 grams for men, with a focus on whole grains and varied food groups for optimal health.

Special Topics

Nutrigenomics studies the interactions between genes, the environment, and nutrition, indicating that diet can influence gene expression.
Most foods contain mixtures of energy-yielding nutrients, countering the misconception that certain foods are purely one nutrient type (e.g., meat is not solely protein).

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Test your knowledge on key nutrition concepts with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential terms like nutrition, malnutrition, and types of foods. Perfect for students preparing for their nutrition exam!