Nutrition Energy Balance Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary condition for achieving energy balance in the body?

Energy expenditure is higher than energy intake.

Energy expenditure is significantly lower than energy intake.

Energy intake is greater than energy expenditure.

Energy intake equals energy expenditure. (correct)

Which factor does NOT influence the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Sex

Body composition

Frequency of eating (correct)

Age

What percentage of daily energy expenditure does the thermic effect of food (TEF) typically account for?

8–10% (correct)

16–20%

5–7%

11–15%

Which of the following statements about energy intake is accurate?

Energy intake is dependent on both the type and amount of food consumed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?

The energy consumption for maintaining normal body functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

Extreme fear of weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism can lead to undernutrition in cancer patients?

Direct nutrient consumption by cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with gastrointestinal disorders leading to undernutrition?

Abdominal pain and malabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining feature of bulimia nervosa?

Purging behaviors following binge eating Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aspect that distinguishes ARFID from other eating disorders?

An avoidant or restrictive eating pattern Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects of cancer treatment can contribute to undernutrition?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of purging behaviors in bulimia nervosa?

Risk of undernutrition Signup and view all the answers

How do gastrointestinal disorders typically lead to nutrient loss?

Malabsorption and diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the rate of metabolism in relation to body size?

Metabolizing tissue amount Signup and view all the answers

How does age influence metabolic rate?

It decreases BMR due to loss of muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can decrease basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Hypothyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between BMR and RMR?

BMR requires more strict measurement conditions Signup and view all the answers

What role does physical activity play in relation to BMR?

It can increase BMR by enhancing muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone, when too low, can lead to weight gain through slowed metabolism?

Thyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common lifestyle factor that contributes to obesity?

Eating calorie-dense foods Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal disorder is primarily characterized by irregular menstrual periods and excess androgen production?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of low levels of leptin in the body?

Increased appetite and risk of overeating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is known to significantly contribute to weight gain?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

How does obesity affect the risk of type 2 diabetes?

It increases insulin resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers is NOT associated with obesity?

Melanoma Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from excessive weight putting stress on the joints?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of obesity during pregnancy?

Gestational diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What mental health condition is linked with obesity?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health impact of undernutrition on children under the age of 5?

Increased risk of death Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is directly associated with impaired growth and development due to undernutrition?

Stunting Signup and view all the answers

How does undernutrition affect the immune system?

It weakens immune function by impairing white blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health problems can arise from micronutrient deficiencies?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of undernutrition during pregnancy?

Preeclampsia Signup and view all the answers

What role do micronutrients play in health?

They contribute to cognitive and physical function Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the causes of undernutrition related to intestinal issues?

Malabsorption due to various gastrointestinal conditions Signup and view all the answers

What can undernutrition lead to in relation to chronic diseases?

Increased risk of developing conditions like heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Balance

Energy balance is the state where energy intake equals energy expenditure
Body weight stabilizes when in energy balance
Changes in energy intake or expenditure affect body weight over time

Energy Intake

Energy intake is the amount of energy consumed from food and drinks
Influenced by food type, quantity, and meal frequency

Energy Expenditure

Energy expenditure is the amount of energy expended through physical activity and bodily functions
Influenced by exercise and metabolism
Metabolism is the rate at which the body converts food into energy
Factors including age, sex, and genetics influence metabolism

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

BMR is the minimum energy expenditure for basic functions at rest
Measured under specific conditions, such as fasting and resting
- Specific factors include a darkened room, sleep of 8 hours, and fasting of 12 hours to ensure the digestive system is inactive, and resting in a reclined position
BMR is different from RMR in that RMR has fewer restrictions

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

RMR is a type of resting energy expenditure measured in less restrictive conditions than BMR
RMR is often used in everyday calculations, when there isn't a need for strict BMR measurements, due to cost-effectiveness

Factors Affecting BMR & RMR

Body Composition: Lean body mass, especially muscle mass, requires more energy and contributes to a higher BMR
Age: Metabolism generally slows with age due to muscle loss and hormonal changes
Body Size: Larger bodies with more metabolizing tissue have a higher BMR
Gender: Men, due to larger size, tend to have faster metabolisms
Genetics: Genetic predisposition can influence metabolic rate

Factors Affecting Metabolism

Hormonal Factors: Certain hormonal imbalances affect metabolism, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing syndrome
Environmental Factors: Environmental temperatures affect BMR. The body needs extra energy to maintain normal temperature as environmental temperatures vary.
Drugs: Some substances like caffeine and nicotine increase BMR, while medications can influence metabolism

Obesity

Obesity is characterized by excess body fat, with a BMI of 30 or greater
Determined by assessing BMI and body composition

Body Composition Assessment

Methods like underwater weighing, BIA (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis), DXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), Bod Pod, skinfolds, and waist circumference are used to analyze body composition

Visceral Fat vs. Subcutaneous Fat

Visceral fat surrounds organs and is a risk factor for health conditions
Subcutaneous fat is located below the skin and is less of a risk factor

Causes of Obesity

Genetics: Certain individuals are more prone to obesity than others
Diet: Overconsumption of calorie-dense foods contributes to obesity
Physical Activity: Insufficient exercise can lead to obesity
Medical Conditions: Hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, and PCOS can cause weight gain

Causes of Undernutrition

Malabsorption: Celiac, Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, and short bowel syndrome can limit nutrient intake and absorption.
Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by extreme fear of weight gain, leading to severely restricted food intake
Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging, such as self-induced vomiting, and excessive exercise

Other Eating Disorders

Avoiding/Restricting Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): An avoidant or restrictive eating pattern not explained by another medical condition
Pica: Consuming non-food substances

Health Impacts of Undernutrition

Wasting: Loss in muscle and fat tissue due to insufficient nutrients. This can lead to weakness, fatigue, and a weakened immune system
Stunting: Impaired growth and development resulting in impaired physical and cognitive functions
Micro nutrient deficiencies: Lack of essential vitamins and minerals leading to health issues (anemia, goiter, rickets)

Health Impacts of Obesity

Increased risk of heart disease: Elevated blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides increase the risk of cardiovascular conditions
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes: Insulin resistance reduces the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels
Increased risk of certain cancers: Obesity promotes several forms of cancer.
Increased risk of osteoarthritis: Additional stress on joints result in arthritis
Infertility: Low sperm count in men, and irregular periods, and increased pregnancy complication risk in women
Mental Health Issues: Risk increases for depression, and anxiety

Malnutrition

Malnutrition encompasses both undernutrition (too little essential nutrients) and overnutrition (too much)
Undernutrition is more common in developing countries

Cancer and Undernutrition

Cancer cells consume excessive nutrients, depriving other cells
Cachexia, a syndrome related with wasting and weakness, can be associated with cancer
Cancer treatment side effects negatively impact health and can lead to undernutrition

Gastrointestinal Disorders and Undernutrition

Gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's and ulcerative colitis can affect nutrient absorption.
Increased nutrient loss through diarrhea and reduced appetite further contributes to undernutrition
Malabsorption can affect nutrient intake and limit nutrients available

Chronic Infections and Undernutrition

Chronic infections like HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis increase metabolic needs demanding more nutrients and can damage the intestinal lining decreasing nutrient absorption
Fatigue, malaise, and reduced appetite due to infections contribute to decreased intake and worsen undernutrition

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Description

Test your knowledge on energy balance concepts, basal metabolic rate, and daily energy expenditure. This quiz includes questions about thermic effect of food, energy intake, and resting metabolic rate. Challenge yourself to understand the key factors influencing energy management in the body.