Final HLT 102

• Dental caries formation requires a susceptible tooth, specific bacteria, and a diet rich in fermentable carbohydrates.
• Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli are primarily responsible for causing dental caries.
• Caries that develop beneath existing dental restorations are termed secondary caries.
• Carbonated apatite contributes to the tooth structure's solubility.
• Physical, chemical, and antibacterial actions are the three protective mechanisms saliva provides against dental caries.
• Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli are specifically mentioned as causing dental caries.
• Rampant caries is the condition when caries spread rapidly throughout the mouth.
• Carious lesions predominantly develop in pits and fissures, smooth surfaces, and root surfaces.
• Amorphous calcium phosphate makes tooth enamel more susceptible to demineralization.
• Simple carbohydrates like sucrose, fructose, lactose, and glucose are classified as fermentable carbohydrates.
• Simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber are the three types of carbohydrates.
• Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body and are less likely to be destroyed by cooking.
• A complete protein contains all nine essential amino acids.
• LDL cholesterol is often referred to as the 'bad' cholesterol.
• Sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, phosphorus, and magnesium are the minerals required by the body in the largest quantities.
• Water is often referred to as 'the forgotten nutrient'.
• Cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer are systemic diseases associated with excess fat in the diet.
• The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulates food product labeling.
• Vitamins B-complex and C are classified as water-soluble.
• Alanine and Glycine are categorized as non-essential amino acids.
• Simple carbohydrates is the primary dietary component that increases the risk of dental caries.
• A complete protein includes all nine essential amino acids.
• Vitamins are classified as micronutrients.
• The body typically stores fat-soluble vitamins in fat tissue and the liver.
• Sugar-free substitutes are known for being non-cariogenic carbohydrates.
• Suppressing appetite is not a role of nutrients in the body.
• Iron is not required in the largest quantities by the body.
• The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in food regulation regulates the labeling of food products.
• Periodontal diseases are the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.
• Gingivae, epithelial attachment, sulcus, periodontal ligaments, cementum, and alveolar bone are structures of the periodontium.
• Supragingival and subgingival are the two types of calculus.
• Periodontal disease may have connections to cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, and cancers.
• Gingivitis, early periodontitis, moderate periodontitis, and advanced periodontitis are the four stages of periodontal disease.
• Redness and swelling of the gingiva, bleeding from brushing and flossing, and changes in gingival contour are signs of gingivitis.
• A periodontist or dental hygienist determines the severity of periodontal disease using a staging and grading system.
• Initially the dentist and dental hygienist determines the stage gum disease, if advanced the patient is referred to a periodontist.
• Dental plaque builds up as a sticky white material if not removed.
• Acquired pellicle is a thin film of protein that quickly forms on teeth.
• Coronal polishing with an abrasive agent such as prophy paste can remove acquired pellicle.
• Materia alba is a soft mixture of bacteria and salivary proteins, also known as white material.
• Materia alba is visible without a disclosing agent and is common in individuals with poor oral hygiene.
• Food debris consists of particles of food impacted between the teeth after eating.
• Food debris itself doesn't become biofilm, but contributes to dental caries if fermentable carbohydrates are present.
• Science has confirmed a connection between periodontal disease and several systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, gastrointestinal disease, and respiratory disease, as well as the delivery of low-birth-weight infants.
• Periodontal infection is considered a risk factor for systemic diseases.
• Individuals with periodontal disease have a greater incidence of coronary heart disease.
• Individuals with severe periodontal disease have a higher risk stroke and coronary heart disease.
• Oral bacteria can spread into the bloodstream, attach to fatty plaques in the coronary arteries, and contribute to clot formation and heart attacks.
• Individuals with periodontal disease may be at an increased risk for respiratory infection.
• Bacteria colonizing in the mouth may alter the respiratory epithelium, increasing susceptibility to pneumonia.
• Existing conditions like bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD may be aggravated by inhaling oral bacteria into the lungs.
• Preterm birth is defined as birth before 37 weeks, and low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5lbs.
• Preterm birth is defined as a birth that follows a pregnancy that is shorter than 37 weeks; low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 lb.
• Preterm birth and low birth weight are the two most significant predictors of the health and survival of an infant.
• Risk factors like smoking, alcohol, and drug use contribute to preterm low-birth-weight (PLBW) infants.
• Women with severe periodontal disease have a higher risk of having PLBW babies.
• Biochemicals produced during periodontal disease, such as prostaglandin E2, may cause early uterine contraction and labor.
• Periodontal diseases may be triggered by factors such as malocclusion, some medications, and nutritional deficiencies.
• Disease-causing bacteria alone are not completely responsible for the destruction of the periodontium
• Other risk factors alter the body's response to bacteria present in the mouth.
• Risk factors involved will determine the onset, degree, and severity of periodontal disease, explaining variability in susceptibility and treatment outcomes.
• Periodontal disease results from the complex interaction of bacterial infection and risk factors.
• As the number of risk factors increases, the patient's susceptibility to periodontal disease also increases.

Oral Lesions

• Ulcers, cysts, abscesses, and areas of erosion are lesions that occur below the mucosal surface.
• Blisters, pustules, hematomas, and plaques are lesions that extend above the mucosal surface.
• Ecchymosis (bruising) is a lesion that is even with the mucosal surface.
• Leukoplakia appears as a white patch or area.
• Candidiasis is caused by a yeastlike fungal infection.

Oral Conditions and Diseases

• Aphthous ulcer is another term for “canker sore.”
• Cellulitis is the condition in which inflammation causes severe pain and high fever.
• Glossitis is the term for an inflammation of the tongue.
• Geographic tongue is the condition in which a pattern on the tongue changes.
• Pernicious anemia is the condition in which the body does not absorb vitamin B12.
• Leukemia is the cancer that affects the blood-forming organs.
• Leukoplakia is a common precancerous lesion among users of smokeless tobacco.
• Carcinoma is the term for a malignant lesion in the epithelial tissue of the oral cavity.

Saliva and Caries

• Radiation caries are primarily caused by a lack of saliva.
• Xerostomia, also called “dry mouth,” is the term for lack of saliva.

HIV/AIDS Related Conditions

• Hairy leukoplakia is frequently seen on the lateral border of the tongue of patients with HIV/AIDS.
• Kaposi’s sarcoma is seen as bluish, blackish, or reddish lesions on the skin or oral mucosa of patients with HIV/AIDS.
• Lymphoma is a malignant condition that can involve the lymph nodes of patients with HIV/AIDS.

Other Oral Conditions

• A torus palatinus is a bony overgrowth at the midline of the hard palate.
• Tongue-tie is a more common term for ankyloglossia.
• Attrition is a normal process of tooth wear during chewing.
• Abrasion is the abnormal process of tooth wear caused by repetitive and improper mechanical forces.
• Erosion of the lingual surfaces of the teeth is an oral indication of bulimia.
• Infections, chipped teeth, and broken teeth are three potential complications of orofacial piercing.